Chemicals, Solvents, Surfactants, Additives, Crude Oil, Parfumes, others

TEG/TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL

2011-12-06T01:14:00.000-08:00

TEG/TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL

Triethylene glycol is a colorless liquid with a slight, sweet odor. It properties closely resemble those of diethylene glycol. In many instances, the applications for diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol overlap. Because triethylene glycol has a higher boiling point, it may be used in preference to diethylene glycol when a less volativle compound is required.

Because it has two ether and two hydroxyl groups, TEG is a good solvent for nitrocellulose as well as for various gums and resins. It is miscible with water and many organic solvents. TEG is a solvent used in the formulation of steam-set printing inks.

TEG is an efficient hygroscopic agent. This property makes it useful as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas, thus preventing the formation of hydrates in long distance transmissions lines. TEG is also used as dessicant in small packaged plants located at the gas well head in order to eliminate the need of line heaters in field gathering systems.

In air conditioning systems designed for dehumidifying air, TEG allows for the removal of water vapor without cooling the air.
This offers advantages particularly in commercial installations where comfort cooling is not required. When vaporized under proper conditions in specially designed vaporizing devices for air sanitation, the air-treatment grade of TEG aids in the control of bacteria and virus content of air.

In the tovacco industry, it is standard practice to treat the tobacco industry, it is standard practice to treat the tobacco with humectants such as TEG or propylene glycol so that the tovacco reaches the consumer in proper condition.
TEG is also used n the plasticization of composition cork and serves as a solvent for resin impregnants and other additives.

TEG gives increased pliability to various plastics, particularly cellulose derivatives. it aids in the retention of flexibility, wven in dry atmospheres. Ester derivatives of TEG are important plasticizer for polyvinyl butyral resins, nitrocellulose lacquers, vinyl and polyvinyl chloride resins, and polyvinyl acetate. Other ester derivatives are plasticizers for synthetic rubber compounds or for cellulose esters.

TEG is used in the manufacture of alkyd type resins useful as laminating agents and in adhesives. Polyesters derived from TEG are useful in various applications-some as plasticizers and others as low pressure laminates for glass fibers, asbestos, cloth or paper.

Besides being useful as plasticizers, the fatty acid derivatives of TEG are used as emulsifiers, demulsifiers and lubricants.

Mitures of TEG and water exhibit selective solvent properties for the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from mixtures containing paraffinic hyddrovarbons. Llike diglycol, TEG is used commercially to recover high purity aromatic fractions from mixtures of light oil fractions.

Special inhibited grades of TEG are available for use as heat transfer fluids, particularly in hight temperature application.

A special high purity grade of TEG is available for use in celllophane and paper that may come in contact with food.

Chemicals for Plastic, Pipe and Rubber

2011-07-07T11:02:00.000-07:00

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2011-07-07T05:13:00.000-07:00

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Ada solusi murah, cepat dan efisien yaitu melalui " Iklan di Internet ". CHEMICAL-NEWS sebagai sarana informasi dibidang bahan-bahan kimia dengan peminat dibidang industri membuka kesempatan bagi Anda untuk beriklan di tempat kami.

Chemical-News adalah sarana pemasaran yang murah, cepat dan efisien untk memasarkan produk Anda yang bergerak dibidang : mesin-mesin industri, bahan-bahan kimia, jasa percetakan dan undangan, event organizer, jasa expedisi pengiriman barang, dll.

Tunggu apa lagi, segera hubungi kami untuk informasi tarif iklan ke 02168068293, 08164850242, email : chemical_info@yahoo.com.

Salam sukses dan raih masa depan yang penuh gemilang.

Michael Thang

MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL/ MEG

2010-11-23T18:31:00.000-08:00

MEG

ETHYLENE GLYCOL/EG is shortname of MEG/ MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL.
EG is a clolorless, practically odorless, low-volatile, hygroscopic liquid. It is completely miscible with water and many organic liquids.

The low volatility and low molecular weight of ethyleen glycol, coupled with low solvent action on automobile finishes, make EG an ideal base for all winter automobile antifreeze.

Asphalt emulsion paints are protected from freezing by the addition of EG; freezing of these emulsions would break the suspension. Carbon dioxide pressure type fire extinguishers and wet sprinkler systems often contain EG to prevent freeze ups.

Aqueous EG solutions are used as heat transfer solutions at low termperatures and at elevated temperatures. As low temperature coolants in refrigeration systems, aqueous solutions of EG are less corrosive than brine. As a high temperature coolant, aqueous solutions of EG find application in electronic tubes.

Most applications involving ethylene glycol for anti freeze and coolant used require specially inhibited EG.
EG is used in brake and shock absorber fluids to help dissolve inhibitors, counteract rubber swelling, and inhibit foam formation.

Mixtures of glycerol and EG are nnitrated in the presence of sulfuric acid to form solutions of nitroglycerine in EG dinitrate. These solutions are used in the manufacture of low freezing dynamite. EG dinitrate is the explosive ingredient that depresses the feezing point and makes dynamite safer to handle in cold weather.

Polyester resins based on maleic and phthalic anhydrides, EG, and vinyl type monomers are important in the low pressure laminating of glass fibers, asbestos, cloth, and paper.
Polyester glass fiber laminates are used in making furniture, suitcases, boat hulls, aircraft parts, and automobile bodies.

EG reacts with dibasic acids to form alkyd type resins. These resins are of interest to modify synthetic rubbers, in adhesives, and in other applications. Alkyds made from EG and Phytalic anhydride are used with similar resins based on glycerol or pentaerythritol in the manufacture of surface coatings.

Polyester fibers and films are made from the condensation product of EG and Dimethyl Terepthhalate or terephtalic acid. Polyester fibers have had the most dramatic growth of all synthetic fibers. The textile industry concensus is that polyester fiber is ideally suited to satisfy customer demand for a medium priced fiber with " ease of care " and durability properties. It is also being used in tire cord, carpeting, and other industrial end use areas.

Rosin esters of EG are plasticizers in adhesives, laquers, and enamels. EGis readily esterified with mono and di carboxylic acids to yield solvents, resins and plasticizers.

Water dispersions of urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde are stabilized against gel formation and viscocity changes by the use of EG.

Hight purity of EG ( Iron and chloride free ) is a solvent and suspending medium for ammonium perborate, the conductor in practically all electrolytic capacitors. EG is used in these capacitors because it is relatively non volatile, non corrosive to aluminium, and has excellent electrical properties.
Capacitors are essential parts in electric motors, radios, and other electronic equipment.

EG is a humectant for textile fibers, paper, leather, adhesives, and glue. It used helps make these products softer, more pliable, and more durable. EG is about one and one half times as hygroscopic as glycerol at normal room temperatures and humidities.

For any special requirement please feel free contact me.

Keep in touch,

Michael Thang
Marketing Director and business development.

Gelatin

2010-05-24T21:25:00.000-07:00

Gelatin (spelled 'gelatine' in some Commonwealth countries from the French gélatine) is a translucent, colorless, brittle (when dry), nearly tasteless solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals, photography, and cosmetic manufacturing. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar way are called gelatinous. Gelatin is an irreversibly hydrolysed form of collagen, and is classified as a foodstuff, with E number E441. It is found in some gummy candies as well as other products such as marshmallows, gelatin dessert, and some low-fat yogurt. Household gelatin comes in the form of sheets, granules, or powder. Instant types can be added to the food as they are; others need to be soaked in water beforehand. Some dietary or religious customs forbid the use of gelatin from certain animal sources, and medical issues may limit or prevent its consumption by certain people.

Composition and properties
Gelatin is a protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the boiled bones, connective tissues, organs and some intestines of animals such as domesticated cattle, pigs, and horses. The natural molecular bonds between individual collagen strands are broken down into a form that rearranges more easily. Gelatin melts to a liquid when heated and solidifies when cooled again. Together with water, it forms a semi-solid colloid gel. Gelatin forms a solution of high viscosity in water, which sets to a gel on cooling, and its chemical composition is, in many respects, closely similar to that of its parent collagen.[1] Gelatin solutions show viscoelastic flow and streaming birefringence. If gelatin is put into contact with cold water, some of the material dissolves. The solubility of the gelatin is determined by the method of manufacture. Typically, gelatin can be dispersed in a relatively concentrated acid. Such dispersions are stable for 10–15 days with little or no chemical changes and are suitable for coating purposes or for extrusion into a precipitating bath. Gelatin is also soluble in most polar solvents. Gelatin gels exist over only a small temperature range, the upper limit being the melting point of the gel, which depends on gelatin grade and concentration and the lower limit, the freezing point at which ice crystallizes. The mechanical properties are very sensitive to temperature variations, previous thermal history of the gel, and time. The viscosity of the gelatin/water mixture increases with concentration and when kept cool (≈ 4 °C).

Production
The worldwide production amount of gelatin is about 300,000 tons per year (roughly 660 million lb).[citation needed] On a commercial scale, gelatin is made from by-products of the meat and leather industry. Recently, fish by-products have also been considered because they eliminate some of the religious obstacles surrounding gelatin consumption [2]. Gelatin is derived mainly from pork skins, pork and cattle bones, or split cattle hides; contrary to popular belief, horns and hooves are not used.[3] The raw materials are prepared by different curing, acid, and alkali processes which are employed to extract the dried collagen hydrolysate. These processes [4] may take up to several weeks, and differences in such processes have great effects on the properties of the final gelatin products [5].

Gelatin can also be prepared at your own home. Boiling certain cartilaginous cuts of meat or bones will result in gelatin being dissolved into the water. Depending on the concentration, the resulting broth (when cooled) will naturally form a jelly or gel. This process, for instance, may be used for the pot-au-feu dish.

While there are many processes whereby collagen can be converted to gelatin, they all have several factors in common. The intermolecular and intramolecular bonds which stabilize insoluble collagen rendering it insoluble must be broken, and the hydrogen bonds which stabilize the collagen helix must also be broken [1]. The manufacturing processes of gelatin consists of three main stages:

1. Pretreatments to make the raw materials ready for the main extraction step and to remove impurities which may have negative effects on physiochemical properties of the final gelatin product,
2. The main extraction step, which is usually done with hot water or dilute acid solutions as a multi-stage extraction to hydrolyze collagen into gelatin, and finally,
3. The refining and recovering treatments including filtration, clarification, evaporation, sterilization, drying, rutting, grinding, and sifting to remove the water from the gelatin solution, to blend the gelatin extracted, and to obtain dried, blended and ground final product.

Pretreatments
If the physical material that will be used in production is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions should be used to remove calcium and similar salts. Hot water or several solvents may be used for degreasing. Maximum fat content of the material should not exceed 1% before the main extraction step. If the raw material is hides and skin, size reduction, washing, removing hair from the hides, and degreasing are the most important pretreatments used to make the hides and skins ready for the main extraction step. Raw material preparation for extraction is done by three different methods: acid, alkali, and enzymatic treatments. Acid treatment is especially suitable for less fully crosslinked materials such as pig skin collagen. Pig skin collagen is less complex than the collagen found in bovine hides. Acid treatment is faster than alkali treatment and normally requires 10 to 48 hours. Alkali treatment is suitable for more complex collagen, e.g., the collagen found in bovine hides. This process requires longer time, normally several weeks. The purpose of the alkali treatment is to destroy certain chemical crosslinkages still present in collagen. The gelatin obtained from acid treated raw material has been called type-A gelatin, and the gelatin obtained from alkali treated raw material is referred to as type-B gelatin. Enzymatic treatments used for preparing raw material for the main extraction step are relatively new. Enzymatic treatments have some advantages in contrast to alkali treatment. Time required for enzymatic treatment is short, the yield is almost 100% in enzymatic treatment, the purity is also higher, and the physical properties of the final gelatin product are better.

Extraction
After preparation of the raw material, i.e., reducing crosslinkages between collagen components and removing some of the impurities such as fat and salts, partially purified collagen is converted into gelatin by extraction with either water or acid solutions at appropriate temperatures. All industrial processes are based on neutral or acid pH values because though alkali treatments speed up conversion, they also promote degradation processes. Acid extract conditions are extensively used in the industry but the degree of acid varies with different processes. This extraction step is a multi stage process, and the extraction temperature is usually increased in later extraction steps. This procedure ensures the minimum thermal degradation of the extracted gelatin.

Recovery
This process includes several steps such as filtration, evaporation, sterilization, drying, grinding, and sifting. These operations are concentration-dependent and also dependent on the particular gelatin used. Gelatin degradation should be avoided and minimized, therefore the lowest temperature possible is used for the recovery process. Most recoveries are rapid, with all of the processes being done in several stages to avoid extensive deterioration of the peptide structure. A deteriorated peptide structure would result in a low gelling strength, which is not generally desired.

Uses

more please visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin

CALCIUM PROPIONATE

2010-03-03T10:16:00.000-08:00

CALCIUM PROPIONATE

As a food additive, it is listed as E number 282 in the Codex Alimentarius. Calcium propionate is used as a preservative in a wide variety of products, including but not limited to bread, other baked goods, processed meat, whey, and other dairy products.[2] In agriculture, it is used, amongst other things, to prevent milk fever in cows and as a feed supplement [3] Propionates prevent microbes from producing the energy they need, like benzoates do. However, unlike benzoates, propionates do not require an acidic environment.[4]

Calcium propionate is used in bakery products as a mold inhibitor, typically at 0.1-0.4% [5] (though animal feed may contain up to 1%). Mold contamination is considered a serious problem amongst bakers, and conditions commonly found in baking present near-optimal conditions for mold growth.[6]

A few decades ago, Bacillus mesentericus (rope), was a serious problem,[citation needed] but today's improved sanitary practices in the bakery, combined with rapid turnover of the finished product, have virtually eliminated this form of spoilage.[citation needed] Calcium propionate and sodium propionate are effective against both Bacillus mesentericus rope and mold.[citation needed]

A small study in children (n=27) found statistically significant "[i]rritability, restlessness, inattention and sleep disturbance in some children" on challenge with calcium propionate preserved food, but noted lack of significance of assessment scores due to placebo response from four subjects. [7]

Metabolic products of propionate enter fatty acid metabolisms as propionyl-CoA, which cannot be completely processed along the main pathway because it has an odd number of carbons. This species and its conversion product methylcitrate inhibit tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism and also contribute to oxidative stress. Intraventricular infusion of propionic acid into rat brains caused oxidative stress and produced reversible behavior (e.g. hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration) and brain (e.g. innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) changes reminiscent of autism.[8]

According to the Pesticide Action Network North America, calcium propionate is slightly toxic.[9] This rating is not uncommon for food products; vitamin C is also rated by the same standards as being slightly toxic. [10] Calcium propionate can be used as a pesticide.[11]
[edit] References

Succes for you all,
Michael Thang
+622168068293/ hp +628164850242

GELATIN

2010-02-25T16:26:00.000-08:00

Gelatin
Ditulis oleh Rahmi Fauzi tanggal October 30, 2007 (8:24 pm) dalam kategori Artikel

I. Pendahuluan

Dalam memproduksi atau membuat makanan banyak bahan-bahan tambahan yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan mutu makanan tersebut, baik dari segi rasa, tekstur, maupun warna. Contoh bahan tambahan itu antara lain Monosodium Glutamat (MSG), zat pewarna, gelatin, dan lain sebagainya. Zat-zat tambahan tersebut ada yang diperoleh secara alami, contohnya zat pewarna dari daun pandan, dan ada pula yang diperoleh melalui proses kimia terlebih dahulu, contohnya MSG.

Untuk zat tambahan yang bersifat alami mungkin dampak negatifnya tidak begitu banyak. Yang dilihat dari zat tambahan alami ini biasanya hanyalah halal atau tidaknya sumber zat tersebut. Sedangkan yang melalui proses kimia terlebih dahulu mempunyai dampak negatif lebih banyak dan perlu dosis/takaran penggunaan maksimalnya.

Tapi ada pula zat tambahan yang sumbernya alami yang melalui proses kimia terlebih dahulu. Contohnya gelatin. Gelatin bersumber dari tulang hewan yang diproses dengan larutan kimia hingga larutan tersebut mengental dan mengandung gelatin.
Gelatin sebenarnya mempunyai banyak manfaat dan kegunaan. Oleh karena itu, pada makalah kali ini penulis akan memaparkan tentang apa itu gelatin, sumber, dan kegunaannya.

II. Tinjauan Pustaka

A. Penjelasan Objek

Gelatin adalah suatu jenis protein yang diekstraksi dari jaringan kolagen kulit, tulang atau ligamen (jaringan ikat) hewan. Pembuatan gelatin merupakan upaya untuk mendayagunakan limbah tulang yang biasanya tidak terpakai dan dibuang di rumah pemotongan hewan. Penggunaan gelatin dalam industri pangan terutama ditujukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang timbul khususnya dalam penganekaragaman produk.

B. Sumber dan ciri-ciri gelatin

Pada prinsipnya gelatin dapat dibuat dari bahan yang kaya akan kolagen seperti kulit dan tulang baik dari babi maupun sapi atau hewan lainnya. Akan tetapi, apabila dibuat dari kulit dan tulang sapi atau hewan besar lainnya, prosesnya lebih lama dan memerlukan air pencuci/penetral (bahan kimia) yang lebih banyak, sehingga kurang berkembang karena perlu investasi besar sehingga harga gelatinnya menjadi lebih mahal.
Sedangkan gelatin dari babi jauh lebih murah dibanding bahan tambahan makanan lainnya. Itu karena babi mudah diternak. Babi dapat makan apa saja termasuk anaknya sendiri. Babi juga bisa hidup dalam kondisi apa saja sekalipun sangat kotor. Dari segi pertumbuhan, babi cukup menjanjikan. Seekor babi bisa melahirkan dua puluh anak sekaligus. Karena sangat mudah dikembangkan, produk turunan dari babi sangat banyak. (www.republika.co.id/infohalal)

Berdasarkan sifat bahan dasarnya pembuatan gelatin dapat dikategorikan dalam 2 prinsip dasar yaitu cara alkali dan asam

1. Cara alkali dilakukan untuk menghasilkan gelatin tipe B (Base), yaitu bahan dasarnya dari kulit tua (keras dan liat) maupun tulang. Mula-mula bahan diperlakukan dengan proses pendahuluan yaitu direndam beberapa minggu/bulan dalam kalsium hidroksida, maka dengan ini ikatan jaringan kolagen akan mengembang dan terpisah/terurai. Setelah itu bahan dinetralkan dengan asam sampai bebas alkali, dicuci untuk menghilangkan garam yang terbentuk. Setelah itu dilakukan proses ekstrasi dan proses lainnya.
2. Cara kedua yaitu dengan cara pengasaman, yaitu untuk menghasilkan gelatin tipe A (Acid). Tipe A ini umumnya diperoleh dari kulit babi, tapi ada juga beberapa pabrik yang menggunakan bahan dasar tulang. Kulit dari babi muda tidak memerlukan penanganan alkalis yang intensif karena jaringan ikatnya belum kuat terikat. Untuk itu disini cukup direndam dalam asam lemah (encer) (HCl) selama sehari, dinetralkan, dan setelah itu dicuci berulang kali sampai asam dan garamnya hilang.

Penggunaan gelatin sangatlah luas dikarenakan gelatin bersifat serba bisa, yaitu bisa berfungsi sebagai bahan pengisi, pengemulsi (emulsifier), pengikat, pengendap, pemerkaya gizi, sifatnya juga luwes yaitu dapat membentuk lapisan tipis yang elastis, membentuk film yang transparan dan kuat, kemudian sifat penting lainnya yaitu daya cernanya yang tinggi.

C. Manfaat gelatin dan jenis-jenis produk yang menggunakannya

Gelatin sangat penting dalam rangka diversifikasi bahan makanan, karena nilai gizinya yang tinggi yaitu terutama akan tingginya kadar protein khususnya asam amino dan rendahnya kadar lemak. Gelatin kering mengandung kira-kira 84 – 86 % protein, 8 – 12 % air dan 2 – 4 % mineral. Dari 10 asam amino essensial yang dibutuhkan tubuh, gelatin mengandung 9 asam amino essensial, satu asam amino essensial yang hampir tidak terkandung dalam gelatin yaitu triptofan.

Fungsi-fungsi gelatin dalam berbagai contoh jenis produk yang biasa menggunakannya antara lain :

1. Jenis produk pangan secara umum: berfungsi sebagai zat pengental, penggumpal, membuat produk menjadi elastis, pengemulsi, penstabil, pembentuk busa, pengikat air, pelapis tipis, pemerkaya gizi.
2. Jenis produk daging olahan: berfungsi untuk meningkatkan daya ikat air, konsistensi dan stabilitas produk sosis, kornet, ham, dll.
3. Jenis produk susu olahan: berfungsi untuk memperbaiki tekstur, konsistensi dan stabilitas produk dan menghindari sineresis pada yoghurt, es krim, susu asam, keju cottage, dll.
4. Jenis produk bakery: berfungsi untuk menjaga kelembaban produk, sebagai perekat bahan pengisi pada roti-rotian, dll
5. Jenis produk minuman: berfungsi sebagai penjernih sari buah (juice), bir dan wine.
6. Jenis produk buah-buahan: berfungsi sebagai pelapis (melapisi pori-pori buah sehingga terhindar dari kekeringan dan kerusakan oleh mikroba) untuk menjaga kesegaran dan keawetan buah.
7. Jenis produk permen dan produk sejenisnya: berfungsi untuk mengatur konsistensi produk, mengatur daya gigit dan kekerasan serta tekstur produk, mengatur kelembutan dan daya lengket di mulut. (www.indohalal.com)

Gelatin juga banyak digunakan oleh Industri farmasi, kosmetik, fotografi, jelly, soft candy, cake, pudding, susu yoghurt, film fotografi, pelapis kertas, tinta inkjet, korek api, gabus, pelapis kayu untuk interior, karet plastik, semen, kosmetika adalah contoh-contoh produk industri yang menggunakan gelatin.

Penghias kue pada umumnya terbuat dari gum paste juga plastic icing yang mengandung gelatin. Gelatin juga tak hanya terdapat dalam gum paste sebagai penghias kue. Namun juga terdapat dalam kue puding, sirup, maupun permen kenyal. Kebanyakan merupakan produk impor. Bahkan untuk menawarkan kekentalan yang lebih tinggi produsen kecap menggunakan gelatin.

Sedangkan di bidang farmasi, gelatin digunakan sebagai cangkang kapsul. Di Indonesia, kapsul yang beredar adalah kapsul jenis hard. Kapsul ini terbuat dari gelatin, pewarna, pengawet serta pelentur. Menurut informasi yang berasal dari Badan POM gelatin yang masuk ke Indonesia bahannya berasal dari organ sapi. (infohalal Republika)

D. Keadaan kandungan gelatin dalam industri di Indonesia

Untuk keperluan industri dalam negeri Indonesia setiap tahun mengimpor gelatin dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak. Sebagai contoh dapat dikemukakan bahwa pada tahun 2000, Indonesia mengimport gelatin 3.092 ton dari Amerika Serikat, Perancis, Jerman, Brasil, Korea, Cina dan Jepang. (www.iptekda.lipi.go.id) Menurut Nur Wahid, anggota LPPOM MUI, seratus persen gelatin di Indonesia merupakan produk impor. Di luar negeri, sebanyak 70 persen gelatin terbuat dari kulit babi. (www.republika.co.id) Karena itu, sebagai seorang muslim, kita harus waspada terhadap produk-produk yang mengandung gelatin seperti permen, kue tart, kosmetika, bahkan cangkang kapsul. Terlebih lagi jika produk-produk tersebut adalah produk impor. Tapi, menurut informasi yang berasal dari Badan POM, gelatin yang masuk ke Indonesia berasal dari organ sapi.

Berdasarkan data dari indohalal.com, gelatin yang sudah mendapat sertifikasi halal dari LPPOM MUI yaitu Hard Gelatin Capsul Indonesia yang diproduksi oleh PT. Universal Capsules Indonesia, KCPL-Gelatin Produksi Kerala Chemical & Proteins Ltd., dan Halagel TM ( Edible Gelatin, pharmaceutical gelatin,di-calcium phosphat) yang diproduksi oleh Halagel (M) Sdn.Bhd

III. Penutup

A. Kesimpulan
Dari pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa gelatin merupakan protein yang diekstraksi dari jaringan kulit hewan yang mempunyai banyak fungsi diantaranya berfungsi sebagai bahan pengisi, pengemulsi (emulsifier), pengikat, pengendap dan pemerkaya gizi, dll.

B. Saran
Dalam mengkonsumsi bahan makanan, hendaknya kita memperhatikan terlebih dahulu apakah produk tersebut adalah produk impor atau tidak. Karena di luar negeri 70 % gelatin berasal dari organ babi. Sedangkan jika produk tersebut adalah produk dalam negeri yang mengandung gelatin, berdasarkan info dari Badan POM, seratus persen berasal dari luar negeri yang bahannya berasal dari organ sapi. Jadi cukup aman untuk dikonsumsi. Tapi pertanyaan lain muncul. Apakah sapi tersebut disembelih atas nama Allah? Wallahua’lam. Dan ini merupakan batu ujian bagi umat Islam apakah mereka tergerak untuk membuat terobosan agar barang yang haram itu tergantikan.

Daftar Pustaka
www.indohalal.com
www.iptekda.lipi.go.id
www.republika.co.id

Sumber Artikel Chem-Is-Try.Org | Situs Kimia Indonesia | - http://www.chem-is-try.org
URL artikel ini dapat diakses melalui: http://www.chem-is-try.org/artikel_kimia/gelatin/

Vulcanizing and Tackyfying Agent

2010-02-24T02:18:00.001-08:00

VULTAC ®

Vul = Vulcanization, Tac = Tackyfier

Alkyl Phenol Disulfides

CHARACTERISTICS

- The VULTAC® are a range of Alkyl Phenol Disulfides used as nitrosamine free sulfur
donors in industrial rubber and tire applications.

- VULTAC ® vulcanization agents help enhancing rubber product performance by improving aging properties and assisting co-vulcanization of blends.

(ex. : Apolar elastomers/Halogen elastomers).

- The VULTAC ® structure give a high solubility in a variety of rubbers.

APPLICATIONS

A. RUBBERS
-
Tyres

:

VULTAC
®
work well
in
systems where
the
base
rubber
contains Halobutyl
. In a SBR base,
VULTAC
®
give enough tack
.
-
-
Industrial
rubber
:

VULTAC®
can be used
in a NBR
and
EPM bases as a
sulfur donor when
the
vulcanization
system must
be nitrosamine
-
free.
-
-
Pharmaceuticals:due to its low toxicity (LD 50 > 5000 mg/kg), VULTAC® are used in care items

2009-10-14T22:19:00.000-07:00

DIACETONE ALCOHOL

Diacetone alcohol is a chemical compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2C(OH)(CH3)2. This liquid is common synthetic intermediate used for the preparation of other compounds.

Diacetone alcohol has slow evaporation rates. It is used as a solvent for both hydrogen bonding and polar substances. It is miscible in water and used as a solvent for water-based coatings. It is used as a solvent extractant in purification processes for resins and waxes. Diacetone alcohol is more suitable for use in applications as a component of gravure printing inks, with proving favorable flow and leveling characteristics. Diacetone alcohol, having hydroxyl and carbonyl group in the same molecule is used as a chemical intermediate.

ISOPHORONE

2009-10-14T18:14:00.000-07:00

WHAT IS ISOPHORONE ?

Isophorone is an α,β-Unsaturated cyclic ketone, a colorless to yellowish liquid with characteristic smell, that is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Isophorone also occurs naturally in cranberries.

Isophorone is used as a solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers, adhesives, copolymers, coatings, finishings and pesticides.[2] It is also used as a chemical intermediate and as an ingredient in wood preservatives and floor sealants.

For any requirement please feel free to contact.

Thank you & Succes for you all,

Michael S. Thang
+622168068293, +628164850242

TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL/ TEG

2009-09-21T03:09:00.000-07:00

TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL/ TEG

TEG is a colorless liquid with a slight, sweet odor. Its properties closely resemble those of diethylene glycol. In many instances, the applications for diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol overlap. Because TEG has a higher boiling point, it may be used in preferene to diethylene glycol when a less volatile compound is required.

Because it has two ether and two hydroxyl groups, TEG is a good solvent for nitrocellulose as well as for various gums and resins. It is miscible with water and many organic solvents. TEG is a solvent used in the formulation of steam-set printing inks.

TEG is an efficient hygroscopic agent. This property makes it useful as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas, thus preventing the formation of hydrates in long distance transmission lines. TEG is also used as the desiccant in small packaged plants located at the gas well head in order to eliminate the need of line heaters in field gathering systems.

In air-conditioning systmes designed for dehumidifying air, TEG allows for the removal of water vapor without cooling the air. This offers advantages particularly in commercial installations where comfort cooling is not required. When vaporized under proper conditions in specially designed vaporizing devices for air sanitation, the air-treatment grade of TEG aids in the control of bacteria and virus content of air.

In the tobacco industry, it is standard practice to treat the tovacco with humectants such as triethylene of propylen glycols so that the tobacco reaches the consumer in proper condition. TEG is also used in the plasticization of composition cork and serves as a solvent for resin impregnants and other additives.

TEG gives increased pliability to various plastics, particularly celllulose derivatives. It aids in the retention of flexibility, even in dry atmospheres. Esther derivatives of TEG are important plasticizers for polyvinyl butyral resins, nitrocellulose lacquers, vinyl and polyvinyl chloride resins, and poly vinyl acetate. Other ester derivatives are plasticizers for synthetic rubber compounds or for cellulose esters.

TEG is used in the manufacture of alkyd type resins useful as laminating agents and in adhesives. Polyesters derived from TEG are useful in various applications-some as plasticizers and others as low pressure laminates for glasss fibers, asbestos, cloth or paper.

Besides being useful as plasticizers, the fatty acid derivatives of TEG are used as emulsifiers, demulsifiers and lubricants.

Mixtures of TEG and water exhibit selective solvent properties for the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from mixtures containing paraffinic hydrocarbons. Like diglycol, TEG is used commercially to recover high purity aromatic fractions from mixtures of light oil fractions.

Special inhibited grades of TEG are available for use as heat transfer fluids, particularly in high temperature applications.

A special high purity grade of TEG is available for use in cellophane and paper that may come in contact with food.

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MOLECULAR SIEVE

2009-06-21T00:02:00.001-07:00

A molecular sieve is a material containing tiny pores of a precise and uniform size that is used as an adsorbent for gases and liquids.

Molecules small enough to pass through the pores are adsorbed while larger molecules are not. It is different from a common filter in that it operates on a molecular level. For instance, a water molecule may not be small enough to pass through while the smaller molecules in the gas pass through. Because of this, they often function as a desiccant. A molecular sieve can adsorb water up to 22% of its own weight.[1]

Often they consist of aluminosilicate minerals, clays, porous glasses, microporous charcoals, zeolites, active carbons, or synthetic compounds that have open structures through which small molecules, such as nitrogen and water can diffuse.

Molecular sieves are often utilized in the petroleum industry, especially for the purification of gas streams and in the chemistry laboratory for separating compounds and drying reaction starting materials. The mercury content of natural gas is extremely harmful to the aluminum piping and other parts of the liquefaction apparatus - silica gel is used in this case.

Methods for regeneration of molecular sieves include pressure change (as in oxygen concentrators), heating and purging with a carrier gas (as when used in ethanol dehydration), or heating under high vacuum.
Contents

Types of Molecular Sieve :
* 3A (pore size 3 Å): Adsorbs NH3, H2O, (not C2H6), good for drying polar liquids.

* 4A (pore size 4 Å): Adsorbs H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, EtOH. Will not adsorb C3H8 and higher hydrocarbons. Good for drying nonpolar liquids and gases.

* 5A (pore size 5 Å): Adsorbs normal (linear) hydrocarbons to n-C4H10, alcohols to C4H9OH, mercaptans to C4H9SH. Will not adsorb isocompounds or rings greater than C4.

* 10X (pore size 8 Å): Adsorbs branched hydrocarbons and aromatics. Useful for drying gases.

* 13X (pore size 10 Å): Adsorbs di-n-butylamine (not tri-n-butylamine). Useful for drying HMPA.

SILICA GEL

2009-06-16T17:05:00.000-07:00

Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, highly porous form of silica made synthetically from sodium silicate. Despite its name, silica gel is a solid.

Silica gel is most commonly encountered in everyday life as beads packed in a semi-permeable plastic. In this form, it is used as a desiccant to control local humidity in order to avoid spoilage or degradation of some goods. Because of poisonous dopants (see below) and their very high adsorption of moisture, silica gel packets usually bear warnings for the user not to eat the contents. If consumed, the pure silica gel is unlikely to cause acute or chronic illness, but would be problematic nonetheless. However, some packaged desiccants may include fungicide and/or pesticide poisons. Food-grade desiccant should not include any poisons which would cause long-term harm to humans if consumed in the quantities normally included with the items of food. A chemically similar substance with far greater porosity is aerogel.

Contents
1 History
2 Properties
3 Preparation
4 Applications
4.1 Desiccant
4.2 Chemistry
4.3 Cat litter
5 Hazards
6 References
7 External links

History
The synthetic route for producing silica gel was patented by chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland in 1919. It was used in World War I for the absorption of vapors and gases in gas mask canisters, as part of his patent. The substance was in existence as early as the 1640s as a scientific curiosity.[1]

In World War II, silica gel was indispensable in the war effort for keeping penicillin dry, protecting military equipment from moisture damage, as a fluid cracking catalyst for the production of high octane gasoline, and as a catalyst support for the manufacture of butadiene from ethanol, feedstock for the synthetic rubber program.

Properties
Silica gel's high surface area (around 800 m²/g) allows it to absorb water readily, making it useful as a desiccant (drying agent). Once saturated with water, the gel can be regenerated by heating it to 120 °C (250 °F) for two hours. Some types of silica gel will "pop" when exposed to enough water.

Preparation
A solution of sodium silicate is acidified to produce a gelatinous precipitate that is washed, then dehydrated to produce colorless silica gel.[2] When a visible indication of the moisture content of the silica gel is required, ammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) (NH4)2CoCl4 or cobalt chloride CoCl2 is added.[2] This will cause the gel to be blue when dry and pink when hydrated.[2]

Applications

Desiccant
In many items from leather to pepperoni, moisture encourages the growth of mold and spoilage. Condensation may also damage other items like electronics and may speed the decomposition of chemicals, such as those in vitamin pills. By adding packets of silica gel, these items can be preserved longer.

Silica gel may also be used to keep the relative humidity inside a high frequency radio or satellite transmission system waveguide as low as possible. Excessive moisture buildup within a waveguide can cause arcing inside the waveguide itself, damaging the power amplifier feeding it. Also, the beads of water that form and condense inside the waveguide change the characteristic impedance and frequency, impeding the signal. It is common for a small compressed air system (similar to a small home aquarium pump) to be employed to circulate the air inside the waveguide over a jar of silica gel.

Silica gel is also used to dry the air in industrial compressed air systems. Air from the compressor discharge flows through a bed of silica gel beads. The silica gel adsorbs moisture from the air, preventing damage at the point of use of the compressed air due to condensation or moisture. The same system is used to dry the compressed air on railway locomotives, where condensation and ice in the brake air pipes can lead to brake failure.

Silica gel is sometimes used as a preservation tool to control relative humidity in museum and library exhibitions and storage.

Chemistry

Chromatography column In chemistry, silica gel is used in chromatography as a stationary phase. In column chromatography the stationary phase is most often composed of silica gel particles of 40-63 μm. Different particle sizes are used for achieving a desired separation of certain molecular sizes. In this application, due to silica gel's polarity, non-polar components tend to elute before more polar ones, hence the name normal phase chromatography. However, when hydrophobic groups (such as C18 groups) are attached to the silica gel then polar components elute first and the method is referred to as reverse phase chromatography. Silica gel is also applied to aluminum, glass, or plastic sheets for thin layer chromatography.

Chelating groups have also been covalently bound to silica gel. These materials have the ability to remove metal ions selectively from aqueous media. Chelating groups can be covalently bound to polyamines that have been grafted onto a silica gel surface producing a material of greater mechanical integrity. Silica gel is also combined with alkali metals to form a M-SG reducing agent.

Silica gel is not thought to biodegrade in either water or soil [3].

Cat litter
Silica gel is also used as cat litter[4], by itself or in combination with more traditional materials, such as clays including bentonite. It is trackless and virtually odorless, albeit expensive. Silica in this form can be a cost effective way for private people to easily purchase silica gel for application in such things as keeping tools rust free in damp environments, long term storage, and preservation of dried food for long term storage.

Hazards
Silica gel is non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive and stable with ordinary usage. It will react with hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride, strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers[5]. Silica gel is irritating to the respiratory tract, may cause irritation of the digestive tract, and dust from the beads may cause irritation to the skin and eyes, so precautions should be taken [6]. Some of the beads may be doped with a moisture indicator, such as cobalt(II) chloride, which is toxic and may be carcinogenic. Cobalt (II) chloride is deep blue when dry (anhydrous) and pink when moist (hydrated).

Crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis but synthetic amorphous silica gel is non-friable, and so does not cause silicosis.

References
^ Maryann Feldman and Pierre Desrochers (March 2003). "Research Universities and Local Economic Development: Lessons from the History of the Johns Hopkins University". Industry and Innovation 10 (1, 5–24). http://www.rotman.utoronto.ca/feldman/papers/Research%20Universities%20and%20Local%20Economic%20Development.pdf.
^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4
^ Environmental Health and Safety (2007-09-10). ""Silica Gel"". http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/S1610.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
^ Andrew Kantor (2004-12-10). ""Non-Tech High Tech Litters the Landscape"". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/andrewkantor/2004-12-10-kantor_x.htm. Retrieved on 2008-03-02.
^ Environmental Health and Safety (2007-09-10). ""Silica Gel"". http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/S1610.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
^ Fisher Scientific (1997-02-09). ""Silica Gel Dessicant"". http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~russ/MSDS/silicagel28200.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-12.

Source from wikipidia.

MST

Chelating Agent EDTA

2009-06-16T16:55:00.000-07:00

CHELATING AGENTS

GENERAL

Chelation is a chemical combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. Organic ligand is called chelator or chelating agent, the chelate is a metal complex. The larger number of ring closures to a metal atom is the more stable the compound. This phenomenon is called the chelate effect; it is generally attributed to an increase in the thermodynamic quantity called entropy that accompanies chelation. The stability of a chelate is also related to the number of atoms in the chelate ring. Monodentate ligands which have one coordinating atom like H2O or NH3 are easily broken apart by other chemical processes, whereas polydentate chelators, donating multiple binds to metal ion, provide more stable complexes. Chlorophyll, green plant pigment, is a chelate that consists of a central magnesium atom joined with four complex chelating agent (pyrrole ring). The molecular structure of the chlorophyll is similar to that of the heme bound to proteins to form hemoglobin, except that the latter contains iron(II) ion in the center of the porphyrin. Heme is an iron chelate. Chelation is applied in metal complex chemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, and environment protection. It is used in chemotherapeutic treatments for metal poisoning. Chelating agents offers a wide range of sequestrants to control metal ions in aqueous systems. By forming stable water soluble complexes with multivalent metal ions, chelating agents prevent undesired interaction by blocking normal reactivity of metal ions. EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetate) is a good example of common chelating agent which have nitrogen atoms and short chain carboxylic groups. The sodium salt of EDTA is used as an antidote for metal poisoning, an anticoagulant, and an ingredient in a variety of detergents. Chelating agents are important in the field of soap, detergents, textile dyeing, water softening, metal finishing and plating, pulp and paper, enzyme deactivation, photo chemistry, and bacteriocides.

APPLICATIONS
Photography, Detergent, Chemical plating, Electroplating without cyanide, cleaning agent, plastic additives, printing of cotton and chemical fiber, industrial desulfation, inhibitor for plant growth, printing ink, medicine, paper and food industry. Water treatment chemical, Agriculture

SPECIFICATION

PROPERTY
1. DTPA
2. EDTA
3. NTA

Appearance
1. White powder
2. White powder
3. White to off-white
crystalline powder

Assay
1. 99 wt% min as H5 DPTA
2. 99 wt% as H4 EDTA
3. 98 wt% min as H3 NTA

Chelation Value
1. 2.5 mmol/g
2. 3.39 mmol/g
3. 5.2 mmol/g

pH
1. 2.1-2.5 (saturated sol.)
2. 2.5-3.0 (saturated sol.)
3. 1.7-2.7 (1% aqueous sol.)

Water Solubility
1. 0.5 wt% max at 25°C
2. 0.1 wt% max at 25°C
3. 0.15 wt% max at 25°C

SYNONYMS

DTPA :
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N',N''-pentaacetic acid; Pentetic acid; N,N-Bis(2-(bis-(carboxymethyl)amino)ethyl)-glycine; Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, [[(Carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenitrilo)]-tetra-acetic acid

EDTA:
Edetic acid; Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid; EDTA, free base; EDTA free acid; Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; Hampene; Versene; N,N'-1,2-Ethane diylbis-(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine); ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRA-ACETIC ACID

NTA:
N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)glycine; Triglycollamic acid; Trilone A; alpha,alpha',alpha''-trimethylaminetricarboxylic acid; Tri(carboxymethyl)amine; Aminotriacetic acid; Hampshire NTA acid; nitrilo-2,2',2''-triacetic acid; Titriplex i; Nitrilotriacetic acid

Michael S. Thang
Business Development and Technical Advisor
+622168068293, HP +628164850242

ETHANOL-ALCOHOL

2009-05-12T09:12:00.000-07:00

ETHANOL

Description
A clear colorless liquid with a sweet smell, ethanol is a protic solvent miscible with water and other liquids making it an ideal solvent in personal care applications. In addition to its solvency power, ethanol can be used as a preservative or an intermediate in personal care applications. The evaporative properties of ethanol impart a cool feel to the skin and provide quick delivery of items, such as polymers, for applications like skin and body care, as well as hair care.

Applications

In the personal care market, ethanol is used in the following applications :
• Perfume
• Cologne and after-shaves
• Hairspray
• Mouthwash
• Body care-splash and sprays
• Nail enamel
• Astringents
• Fluoride toothpaste
• Scalp preparations

Physical Properties
Formula Weight…………………..46.07
Boiling Point (0 C) ……………….78.3
Melting Point ( 0C)………………..-115
Density (20/20 C)…………………0.785
Flash Point (0C/0F)……………….8(48)
Refractive Index (20C)……………1.3614
Dielectric Constant………………..24.3
Evaporation Rate ( nBuAc=100)….170

Fragrances and Colognes.
Denatured ethanol is typically used as a carrier for perfume oils found in fragrances and colognes. Water is commonly used in conjunction with ethanol to help modify the fragrance intensity and to ease skin application. The concentration of ethanol in perfumes and colognes can vary but is typically near 80%.

Hairspray
The most commonly used solvent in hairspray is primarily denatured ethanol. The solvency power ethanol and its quick evaporation rate make it and ideal solvent in this application. Many hairspray formulations contain upwards of 50% ethanol.

Preservative
Ethanol can be used as an antibacterial agent in mouthwashes, nail enamel, and astringents.

Potassium Hydroxide/ KOH

2009-04-01T03:05:00.000-07:00

Potassium hydroxide

The company is the first and only producer of potassium hydroxide in Southeast Asia – a crucial component in the production of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), rubber, soap, pharmaceuticals and food.

TRADE NAME : Caustic Potash Solution

CHEMICAL FORMULA : KOH

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
ITEM UNIT SPECIFICATION
KOH % w/w 48.0 min.
K2CO3 % w/w 0.2 max.
KCI % w/w 0.01 max.
Fe2O3 % w/w 0.001 max.

APPLICATION

Caustic Potash solution is a raw material which is utilised in the soap manufacture, bleaching, manufacture of potassium carbonate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries and some fuel cells, absorbent for carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, dyestuffs, liquid fertilizers, food additive, herbicides, electroplating, mercerizing, paint removers.

STORAGE CONDITION

Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated area. Store away from incompatible
materials such as strong acids, mitroaromatic, nitroparaffinic
or organohalogen compounds.

STANDARD PACKAGING

Plastic drum 300 kg

Smile always,
Michael S. Thang
+6221680688293, mobile +628164850242
chemical_info@yahoo.com

Alcohol Series

2009-01-08T21:19:00.001-08:00

Alcohols are widely used as part of a solvent blend for lacquers and lacquer thinners. Alcohols, especially Butyl Cellosolve and Butyl Carbitol are water miscible and are used as cosolvents in water-based coatings. Cosolvents are critical in maintaining solubility and stability as well as film formation of water-based coatings. They are polar and non-photochemically reactive.
Alcohols must never be used with two-component polyurethanes because the OH group of the alcohol reacts with the NCO group of the polyurethane and neutralizes the chemical reaction.

a include:
• Methanol R6K1
• HAPS Complying Dye Stain Reducer
• Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol)
• Secondary Butanol R6K19
• N-Butanol and Isobutanol
• Diacetone Alcohol R6K24 Butyl Cellosolve R6K25
• Butyl Carbitol
• PM Reducer R6K34
• Texanol® Ester Alcohol R6K33

Methanol R6K1 is extremely fast evaporating. Poisonous. Primary use is for dye stains. It is not HAPS compliant.
HAPS Complying Dye Stain Reducer R6K21 is a special ethyl alcohol (ethanol) blend intended for diluting S61 HAPS complying dye stains to maintain HAPS compliance. It is more expensive than methanol. Generally ethanol is denatured by using small quantities of methanol but this makes it non-HAPS compliant. R6K21 uses a different compound.

Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) - no sales rex - is slightly slower evaporation than ethanol. It is HAPS compliant.
Secondary Butanol R6K19 may be used as a reducer (up to 10% reduction) in KEM AQUA 70P W/R Metal Primer and other W/R alkyds for slightly faster dry to handle. It helps the water to evaporate, helps apply thinner film for faster dry, will raise VOC and may give a flash point to the paint which will affect storage, packaging and safety. It is HAPS compliant.

N-Butanol and Isobutanol - no sales rexes - are similar alcohols often used for increasing conductivity in baking enamels.

Diacetone Alcohol R6K24 is a slow evaporating solvent recommended for use in SHER-WOOD S64 Wiping Stains because it opens up wood pores and gives better penetration and more color depth in solvent-based wiping stains. It is HAPS compliant but photochemically reactive.

Butyl Cellosolve R6K25 is the most widely used cosolvent for Chemical Coatings Water Reducible Enamels. It is a very slow evaporating glycol ether with complete miscibility in water. Butyl Cellosolve is also a very effective retarder for nitrocellulose lacquers to eliminate blushing when used at a level of 1-2%. Butyl Cellosolve is a trademark of Union Carbide and is known by many different names depending on supplier. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and 2-Butoxyethanol are chemical names that appear on data sheets and MSDS sheets. It is not HAPS compliant.

Butyl Carbitol R6K28 is a very, very slow glycol ether used as a cosolvent and coalescing solvent in water reducible coatings. It is a totally water miscible glycol ether. It is used in small quantities in water reducible coatings to improve flow and eliminate mudcracking. Butyl Carbitol is a trademark of Union Carbide. It is also known as Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether or 2-Butoxy Ethoxy Ethanol on the MSDS sheet and data sheet. Butyl Carbitol may not be compatible with some latex coatings. It may cause kickout or increased viscosity. Test in a small way before adding to latex coatings. It is not HAPS compliant.

PM Reducer R6K34 is a Glycol Ether, HAPS compliant solvent used in Universal Dye Concentrates. PM Reducer may also be used as a medium speed retarder for lacquers and catalyzed coatings up to 10% by volume.

Texanol® Ester Alcohol R6K33 is an extremely slow evaporating cosolvent and
coalescing solvent for water reducible coatings. Its use should be restricted to 1-2% to improve flow and leveling, air release and other surface imperfections. Texanol is a trademark of Eastman Chemical. It is HAPS compliant.

Smile always,
MST
+6221680-68293, +628164850242
chemical_info@yahoo.com

2009-01-08T21:19:00.000-08:00

Alcohols are widely used as part of a solvent blend for lacquers and lacquer thinners. Alcohols, especially Butyl Cellosolve and Butyl Carbitol are water miscible and are used as cosolvents in water-based coatings. Cosolvents are critical in maintaining solubility and stability as well as film formation of water-based coatings. They are polar and non-photochemically reactive.
Alcohols must never be used with two-component polyurethanes because the OH group of the alcohol reacts with the NCO group of the polyurethane and neutralizes the chemical reaction.

Alcohols include:
• Methanol R6K1
• HAPS Complying Dye Stain Reducer
• Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol)
• Secondary Butanol R6K19
• N-Butanol and Isobutanol
• Diacetone Alcohol R6K24 Butyl Cellosolve R6K25
• Butyl Carbitol
• PM Reducer R6K34
• Texanol® Ester Alcohol R6K33

Methanol R6K1 is extremely fast evaporating. Poisonous. Primary use is for dye stains. It is not HAPS compliant.
HAPS Complying Dye Stain Reducer R6K21 is a special ethyl alcohol (ethanol) blend intended for diluting S61 HAPS complying dye stains to maintain HAPS compliance. It is more expensive than methanol. Generally ethanol is denatured by using small quantities of methanol but this makes it non-HAPS compliant. R6K21 uses a different compound.

Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) - no sales rex - is slightly slower evaporation than ethanol. It is HAPS compliant.
Secondary Butanol R6K19 may be used as a reducer (up to 10% reduction) in KEM AQUA 70P W/R Metal Primer and other W/R alkyds for slightly faster dry to handle. It helps the water to evaporate, helps apply thinner film for faster dry, will raise VOC and may give a flash point to the paint which will affect storage, packaging and safety. It is HAPS compliant.

N-Butanol and Isobutanol - no sales rexes - are similar alcohols often used for increasing conductivity in baking enamels.

Diacetone Alcohol R6K24 is a slow evaporating solvent recommended for use in SHER-WOOD S64 Wiping Stains because it opens up wood pores and gives better penetration and more color depth in solvent-based wiping stains. It is HAPS compliant but photochemically reactive.

Butyl Cellosolve R6K25 is the most widely used cosolvent for Chemical Coatings Water Reducible Enamels. It is a very slow evaporating glycol ether with complete miscibility in water. Butyl Cellosolve is also a very effective retarder for nitrocellulose lacquers to eliminate blushing when used at a level of 1-2%. Butyl Cellosolve is a trademark of Union Carbide and is known by many different names depending on supplier. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and 2-Butoxyethanol are chemical names that appear on data sheets and MSDS sheets. It is not HAPS compliant.
Butyl Carbitol R6K28 is a very, very slow glycol ether used as a cosolvent and coalescing solvent in water reducible coatings. It is a totally water miscible glycol ether. It is used in small quantities in water reducible coatings to improve flow and eliminate mudcracking. Butyl Carbitol is a trademark of Union Carbide. It is also known as Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether or 2-Butoxy Ethoxy Ethanol on the MSDS sheet and data sheet. Butyl Carbitol may not be compatible with some latex coatings. It may cause kickout or increased viscosity. Test in a small way before adding to latex coatings. It is not HAPS compliant.
PM Reducer R6K34 is a Glycol Ether, HAPS compliant solvent used in Universal Dye Concentrates. PM Reducer may also be used as a medium speed retarder for lacquers and catalyzed coatings up to 10% by volume.
Texanol® Ester Alcohol R6K33 is an extremely slow evaporating cosolvent and coalescing solvent for water reducible coatings. Its use should be restricted to 1-2% to improve flow and leveling, air release and other surface imperfections. Texanol is a trademark of Eastman Chemical. It is HAPS compliant.

ALKYL POLYGLUCOSIDES/ APG GREEN SUCCESS STORY

2008-12-10T22:53:00.000-08:00

APG—A Green Success Story

Alkyl polyglucosides represent a solution for manufacturers to combine efficiency with ecological congeniality and human safety in the final product.

Guadalupe Pellón, Patricia Rodríguez Pérez
Cognis GmbH
Email: info@cognis.com
Website: www.cognis.com

The green movement continues to grow as more consumers are becoming aware of the impact that the products they use have on themselves, society and the environment. This new green consciousness is making consumers change their consumption habits and thus their purchasing criteria. In concrete terms, consumers are increasingly interested in products that contain natural ingredients and respect the environment.

According to Organic Monitor, sales of natural personal care products worldwide reached approximately $7.3 billion in 2007. In the home care sector, a 2004 study by Green Marketing Inc., revealed that 69% of respondents preferred natural detergents to those derived from synthetic ingredients because they are commonly considered to be safer, especially where children are concerned. Along with environmental sensitivity, consumers expect products to be effective and high-quality. These expectations are forcing manufacturers to review their product lines and to develop innovative, environmental-friendly solutions that are both efficient and cost-effective. One example of a key ingredient being used to develop new products which satisfy the consumers “green” consciousness are alkyl polyglucosides. Alkyl polyglucosides can be used in personal and home care applications as well as in those for the I&I sector.

A Green Surfactant Emerges
Alkyl polyglucosides are nonionic surfactants with origins in the 19th century. For a long time, they were only of academic interest. In 1893, the German chemist Emil Fischer synthesized alkyl polyglucosides by combining fatty alcohols and glucose obtained from coconut or palm kernel oil and corn. However, it took almost 100 years to progress from simple laboratory experiments to the industrial production of alkyl polyglucoside surfactants and their use in formulations.

In 1989, Cognis, at the time still part of the Henkel Group, succeeded in designing an industrial production process for alkyl polyglucoside surfactants.1 They were originally developed for the home care and body wash segments. Nowadays the applications for alkyl polyglucoside surfactants are as diverse as the products on the shelves of retailers, drugstores, and beauty shops: From baby foam-bath products to facial cleansing lotions, shampoos, and oral care products, from wipes to laundry detergents, hard surface cleaners, and I&I cleaning applications.

Alkyl polyglucoside surfactants are obtained from renewable, plant-derived raw materials and therefore are suitable for products where mildness to human skin, environmental compatibility and high performance are a must. Alkyl polyglucosides have been extensively tested in various eco-toxicological studies.2 No environmentally harmful intermediates are formed even during mineralization to carbon dioxide and water; nor do the surfactants release any undesirable by-products such as nitrogen, ethylene oxide, or preservatives. For all these reasons, many formulators see alkyl polyglucosides as the ideal “green” surfactants which add value to their products and help them to distinguish these products from conventional ones.

“Greenness” Meets Mildness

Companies such as Yves Rocher, a cosmetic producer of botanical beauty care products, have been using alkyl polyglucosides since the beginning of the 1990s. Questioned about their preference for APG, Stéphanie Collet, Lab Manager for the Toiletteries Lab at Yves Rocher stated: “We regard alkyl polyglucosides as mild, “green” and biodegradable surfactants which offer a benefit for consumers in terms of very mild formulations combined with an extraordinary environmental profile.”

Dirk Develter, R&D Manager of Ecover, an international company active in the production of ecological cleaners and detergents, confirms: “In comparison to other surfactants, alkyl polyglucosides are very much in line with our concept of sustainability, including interesting features such as full renewability, low aquatic toxicity and full biodegradability without stable metabolites.”

In fact, within the framework of international regulations concerning eco-friendly products, alkyl polyglucosides meet the requirements for highly accepted green labels such as Ecocert, the EU Eco-Flower, Green Seal and many others.

In addition to their ecological footprint, alkyl polyglucosides are not toxic or harmful to human health and show a lower skin irritation than other surfactants. It is essential that the surfactants used in personal and home care products have minimal irritation potential because it is inevitable that these products come into contact with the skin. A comparative study.3 of various surfactants showed that alkyl polyglucosides possess superior mildness compared to other surfactants found in the market, confirming the well-known association of “greenness” with mildness.

Two of those tests, the red blood cell test (RBC; Pape et al., 1999; INVITTOX Porotcol Nr. 37) in Figure 1 and the epicutaneous patch testing (ECT; 24 hour occlusive patch test) Figure 2, assess the mucous membrane/ocular irritation potential of different surfactants and the primary skin irritation in humans respectively.

Fig. 1: Figure 1: Ocular/mucous membrane Irritation potential: Results of a HET-CAM Test (3% AS; pH 6.5)

As surfactants at higher concentrations or with an extreme pH make irritation more possible, the surfactants were tested at the same pH and at the same active substance content. To make sure that microbial contamination does not occur in the absence of preservatives, the pH of alkyl polyglucosides is adjusted to approximately 12. However, home and personal care products Fig 2: Results a 24 hour occlusive epicutaneous human patch test (2% AS; pH 6.5; n=21)
should not only be mild but also have a high cleansing efficacy. Alkyl polyglucosides can satisfy these requirements based on their exceptional skin compatibility and deep pore cleansing properties for personal care products as well as exceptional cleaning performance in home care and I&I products without leaving residues on the cleaned surfaces. One property that goes hand in hand with the cleansing process is the formation of foam. Consumers perceive the formation of foam as an inherent part of the cleaning phase in personal care products such as shampoos and shower gels as well as in home care products such as laundry detergents and manual dishwashing liquids. Alkyl polyglucosides, alone or in combination with other surfactants, produce foam with a good balance between volume and stability in all the above-mentioned applications.

Table 1: Description of the surfactants tested in this study
Additional benefits that formulators regard as positive in alkyl polyglucosides include the absence of ethoxylates or sulfates in their composition and their stability over a wide pH spectrum as described by Stéphanie Collet from Yves Rocher: “Alkylpolyglucosides allow the possibility to formulate transparent products through a broad range of pH values”.

Dirk Develter (Ecover) also stated: “Alkyl polyglucosides are stable over a wide pH range, which makes them suitable for use in highly alkaline I&I cleaners as well as in acid cleaners without the anaerobic degradation issues of sulfonated surfactants."

Conclusions

In the light of the green movement, consumers will continue to favor products with natural and environmentally sound ingredients. As a consequence, the demand for green surfactants will continue to escalate in terms of raw materials. Alkyl polyglucosides are nonionic surfactants obtained from renewable, plant-derived raw materials which enable the formulation of modern personal and home care as well as I&I products. Their ideal environmental and skin compatibility as well as high performance profiles meet consumers’ demands within the green trend perfectly. Manufacturers following the green movement acknowledge the benefits that alkyl polyglucosides have brought to their formulations, supporting them until today to clearly differentiate their products from others. Innovative companies actively offering green solutions, such as Yves Rocher in the personal care market and Ecover in the home care and I&I segment, confirm that alkyl polyglucosides are a must when aiming for the best performance, especially in green products.

References
1. Hill, K., von Rybinski W., Stoll G. (1997) Alkyl polyglycosides: Technology, properties and application. Ed. VCH, Germany. pp 1-7;71-130.
2. Willing A., Messinger H., Aulmann W. (2004) “Ecology and Toxicology of Alkyl polyglucosides”. In: Handbook of Detergents. Ed. U.Zoller, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 487-521.
3. Mehling A., Kleber M., Hensen H. (2007) Comparative studies on the ocular and dermal irritation potential of surfactants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 747-58

PATCHOULY OIL

2008-12-09T18:19:00.000-08:00

What is Patchouli Oil ?

From Wikipedia, Patchouli (also patchouly or pachouli) is bushy herb of the mint family, with erect stems, reaching two or three feet (about 0.75 metre) in height and bearing small pale pink-white flowers. The plant is native to tropical regions of Asia and is now extensively cultivated in Caribbean countries, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, West Africa and Vietnam.

The scent of patchouli is heavy and strong. It has been used for centuries in perfumes and continues to be so today. The word derives from the Tamil patchai பச்சை (green), ellai இலை (leaf).

Pogostemon cablin, P. commosum, P. hortensis, P. heyneasus and P. plectranthoides are all cultivated for their oils and all are known as 'patchouli' oil, but P. cablin is considered superior.Indonesia is 80% of Patchouli Oil world supplier. Followed by China, Brazil and some african countries. The superior Indonesian Patchouli Oils usually blended with other lower quality patchouli oil sources.

In our daily life, what is Patchouli Oil it self ? The answer can be as short as an essential oils use in many perfumes and can be as long as with all the chemical composition that make it special and can not be chemically manufactured.

We will start with the short one, in perfumery industry and aromatherapy it is a common to blend many type of essential oils to produce a specific aroma. The 3 main components in the blending are top notes (type of essential oils that easily loose and vapored, the aroma of this type stay for 1 to 2 hrs i.e lemon, this top notes usually a dominant at first but gone in aminutes. The middle notes which is middle aroma that will stay longer than top notes. And last there is based notes which is mysterious, based, and the aroma stay for as long as 8 hrs.

Patchouli oil is considered an excellent base note and fixative in perfumery, being a component in many famous perfumes. As a fixative, it slows the evaporation of other, more volatile oils so that their aroma may be released over a longer period of time. A little patchouli can be used in natural perfume blends, adding that special deep and earthy aroma. It mixes well with many essential oils, with almost all common oils being mentioned across a variety of sources - these include Vetiver, Rosemary, Sandalwood, Frankincense, Bergamot, Cedarwood, Myrrh, Jasmine, Rose, Citrus oils, Clary Sage, Lemongrass, Geranium and Ginger.

Some of the perfumes that dominated by Patchouli scents are Byblos Patchouli, Bond No.9 Nuits de Noho, Caswell-Massey Aura of Patchouli, Dana Tabu, Etro Patchouly, Gobin Daudé parfums Jardins Ottomans, Jalaine Patchouli, Keiko Mecheri Patchoulissme, L’Artisan Parfumeur Voleur de Roses, L’Artisan Patchouli, L'Artisan Fragrances Patchouli Patch, Lorenzo Villoresi Patchouli, Lush Karma, Mazzolari Patchouly, Molinard Les Scenteurs Patchouli, Montale Patchouli Leaves, Santa Maria Novella Patchouli, Serge Lutens Borneo 1834, Thierry Mugler Angel.

In Aromatheraphy, used in many application due to its properties. Patchouli has been known as Antidepressant, Anti-inflammatory , Antimicrobial, Aphrodisiac, Antiseptic, Bactericidal, Nervine, Skin tonic. Patchouli is considered a great balancer, relaxing yet stimulating, particularly relevant for conditions of weak immunity where overwork and anxiety have left the individual in a susceptible state. It is said to bring the three principal forces at work within the body - the Creative at the navel, the Heart center, and transcendental wisdom a the crown - into harmony.

If any inquiries please feel free to contact.
Michael S. Thang
+6221680-68293, +628164850242

POLYUREA SPRAY

2008-11-25T22:10:00.000-08:00

POLYUREA SPRAY

Providing superior protection against :
> Abasion
> Corrosion
> Impact
> Containment
> Chemical Resistant
> Fast drying
> Etc.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the preparation and application of polyurea elastomeric coating/lining systems, and more particularly to a phenolic/polyurea co-polymer system for applications requiring extreme chemical resistance and performance.

Many different types of materials are used to build the engineering structures and vehicles found in our lives today. Most of these materials must be protected from environmental elements of one form or another. For instance, steel needs to be protected from moisture and oxygen to prevent corrosion. Likewise, wood needs to be protected from moisture to prevent rotting. Concrete should be protected from corrosion due to chlorides, other salts, and corrosive air. Further, moisture penetration can lead to spalling of concrete from freeze-thaw cycling.

During the last decade, environmental sensitivity has spawned the need for secondary containment around hazardous chemical storage tanks and processing equipment. Spray polyurea coating systems have become one of the major candidates for secondary containment use. They are used extensively to provide the monolithic impervious membrane to contain spilled and fugitive chemicals caused by leakage or accident.

In addition to the secondary containment of chemicals, surfaces, such as concrete floors, are frequently coated to control dust and dirt that are associated with the substrate when it is not coated. Further, it is often desirable to color code surfaces for pedestrian or worker safety. For instance, roadways have crosswalk striping, and safety railings are often orange or yellow. Identifying danger with a colored coating, and providing barriers to entry or exit are typical of this type of marking.

Many surfaces are coated simply for aesthetic purposes. Even if surfaces need not be protected from the elements, architectural designers commonly specify coatings or other decor to render the completed item artistically pleasing. The color combinations, patterns and decorations they specify are chosen with purpose and careful consideration to have the desired effect.

Paint and coating systems used for these purposes have proliferated over the decades, and polyurea spray elastomeric coating/lining technology has found a place in many of these application areas. Variations of the polyurea technology have allowed for UV color stability, abrasion resistance, easier processing conditions and improved substrate adhesion. U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,388 to Primeaux, II (1992) discloses Aliphatic Polyurea Elastomers comprising an (A) component and a (B) component. The (A) component includes an aliphatic isocyanate, while the (B) component includes an amine-terminated polyoxylalkylene polyol and certain specific cycloaliphatic diamine chain extenders. Primeaux, II (1992) represents one example of a polyurea elastomer system, and in particular, teaches a polyurea elastomer system with good flexibility and ultraviolet stability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,181 to Primeaux, II (1996) discloses Aliphatic Spray Polyurea Elastomers comprising an (A) component including an aliphatic isocyanate, and a (B) component including an amine-terminated polyoxyalkylene polyol, and an amine-terminated aliphatic chain extender. The elastomer of Primeaux, II (1996) must be prepared by impingement mixing the isocyanate preparation with the amine-terminated polyether. An additional example of a polyurea elastomer system is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,955, also to Primeaux, II (1996), which teaches additional Aliphatic Spray Polyurea Elastomers. In that reference, the aliphatic spray polyurea elastomer disclosed comprises an (A) component which includes an aliphatic isocyanate, and a (B) component which includes (1) a primary amine-terminated polyoxyalkylene polyol with a molecular weight of at least about 2000, and (2) a specific primary amine-terminated chain extender. A Method of Preparing an Aliphatic Polyurea Spray Elastomer System is disclosed in another patent to Primeaux, II: U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,755. That reference teaches the preparation of a resin blend which is reacted with an isocyanate under conditions effective to form a polyurea elastomer.

The references disclosed herein teach effective methods and materials for coating and protecting a wide variety of substrates. Engineers, however, are always searching for improvements upon earlier inventions, as well as entirely new ones. Two primary deficiencies highly limit the use of polyurea systems in highly chemical/corrosive environments, and in immersion service. The main drawback to the polyurea technology in very corrosive applications is that the resistance to strong acid and base systems, as well as solvents, is very poor. Generally, resistance to crude or heavy fractions of petroleum is excellent, but the ability to withstand the presence of medium to light petroleum fractions is very poor. Solvent resistance also tends to be very selective and highly limited. While the current polyurea technology will withstand relatively low concentrations of acidic and basic solution, exposure to medium to high concentrations tends to result in extreme deterioration and failure in a very short time.

Additionally, the relatively higher moisture vapor permeation through the coating system allows for its delamination from certain substrates in immersion/lining applications. This problem is common in steel tank lining applications where you have a temperature gradient from inside the tank to the outside. In other words, the liquid inside the tank is heated and the ambient temperature outside the tank is relatively cooler. This results in a moisture drive through the coating/lining system and causes a phenomenon referred to as "Cold Wall Effect."

The present invention is directed to one or more of the problems or shortcomings associated with the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention address one or more of the deficiencies noted above with respect to the current polyurea spray elastomer coating/lining technology. This invention will markedly improve the performance of the polyurea elastomer coating/lining technology with regard to both moisture vapor transmission and chemical resistance.

A primary aspect of the present invention is the reacting of phenolic resins, blended into the resin blend component, with polyisocyanates in the polyurea formulation. The incorporation of the phenolic resins into the polyurea backbone will increase cross-link density of the cured polymer, resulting in a reduction of the moisture vapor transmission compared to non-phenolic containing polyurea system.

Phenolics are also known for their chemical resistance, and it is therefore expected that the inclusion of phenolic resins will enhance the chemical resistance of cured systems. Phenolics are also known for high temperature resistance, making another benefit of phenolic inclusion an increased elevated temperature resistance over non-phenolic systems. Phenolics are also known for their superior adhesion characteristics compared to other materials. The use of phenolic resins in the polyurea technology will tend to improve adhesion to the various substrates that are coated/lined, and give significant performance advantages over the current polyurea elastomer coating/lining technology.

To complement the above, specialized epoxy resins may be incorporated to form an Interpenetrating Polymer Network, further enhancing the target properties of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention relates to the preparation and application of plural component, phenolic/polyurea co-polymer coating systems that exhibit significantly improved chemical resistance as compared to conventional polyurea elastomer coating systems. The present systems include the reaction product of two components to produce a phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomeric coating system. In the preferred embodiment, the first, (a), component comprises an isocyanate, and preferably includes an isocyanate quasi-prepolymer of an isocyanate and an active hydrogen containing material. The second, (b), component comprises a resin blend of an active amine hydrogen containing material, which is preferably an amine-terminated polyether, and a phenolic resin. In the preferred embodiment, component (b) also includes a chain extender, although it should be appreciated that an elastomer could be developed that did not incorporate a chain extender without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Because the phenolic-based resins are also an active hydrogen containing material, they may also be utilized in preparation of the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer. The phenolic resin is preferably introduced during the preparation/blending of the co-polymer system components.

Examples of amine terminated polyethers, isocyanates, and chain extenders that can be used in accordance with the present invention are those well known in the polyurea art as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,891,086; 5,013,813; 5,082,917; 5,153,232; 5,162,388; 5,171,819; 5,189,075; 5,218,005; 5,266,671; 5,317,076; 5,442,034; 5,480,955; 5,504,181; 5,616,677; and 6,013,755, all incorporated herein by reference. It should be understood that other materials, in addition to those listed in the aforementioned patents, might be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The active amine hydrogen containing materials employed in the present invention are preferably amine-terminated polyethers. However, the use of high molecular weight amine-terminated alkylenes, simple alkyl amines, and other suitable amine-terminated materials with varying molecular weights and chemical compositions are contemplated by the present invention, and could be used alone or in combination with other suitable materials without departing from its intended scope. The term "high molecular weight," is intended to include polyether amines having a molecular weight of at least about 1,500. The preferred amine-terminated polyethers should be selected from aminated diols or triols, and a blend of aminated diols and/or triols is most desirable. The amine-terminated polyethers are preferably selected from mixtures of high molecular weight polyols, such as mixtures of di- and trifunctional materials. In particular, primary and secondary amine-terminated polyethers with a molecular weight greater than 1500, even more desirably greater than 2000, a functionality from about 2 to about 6, and an amine equivalent weight of from about 750 to about 4000 are preferred. In the preferred embodiment, such amine-terminated polyethers having a functionality of from about 2 to about 3 are used. These materials may be made by various methods known in the art. It is not necessary that a blend of polyethers be used, and it should be appreciated that a single high molecular weight aminated polyol might be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The amine-terminated polyethers preferred in the instant invention may be, for example, polyether resins made from an appropriate initiator to which lower alkylene oxides, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, or mixtures thereof, are added with the resulting hydroxyl-terminated polyol then being aminated. When two or more oxides are used, they may be present as random mixtures or as blocks of one or the other polyether. In the amination step, it is highly desirable that the terminal hydroxyl groups in the polyol be essentially all secondary hydroxyl groups for ease of amination. The polyols so prepared are then reductively aminated by known techniques, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,370, for example, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Normally, the amination step does not completely replace all of the hydroxyl groups. However, the greatest majority of hydroxyl groups are replaced by amine groups. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the amine-terminated polyether resins useful in this invention have greater than about 90 percent of their active hydrogens in the form of amine hydrogens.

Particularly noted are the JEFFAMINE.RTM. brand series of polyether amines available from Huntsman Corporation. They include JEFFAMINE.RTM. D-2000, JEFFAMINE.RTM. D-4000, JEFFAMINE.RTM. T-3000 and JEFFAMINE.RTM. T-5000. These polyetheramines are described with particularity in Huntsman Corporation's product brochure entitled "The JEFFAMINE.RTM. Polyoxyalkyleneamines". Other similar polyether amines are commercially available from BASF and Arch Chemicals.

Both aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates can be used in the present invention, and the preferred aliphatic isocyanates include those known to one skilled in the polyurea elastomer art. Thus, for instance, the aliphatic isocyanates are of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,388, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. They are typically aliphatic diisocyanates and are preferably the bifunctional monomer of the tetraalkyl xylene diisocyanate, such as the tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate, or the trimerized or the biuret form of an aliphatic diisocyanate, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate. In addition, cylcohexane diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate are considered preferred aliphatic isocyanates. Other useful aliphatic polyisocyanates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,705,814, which is incorporated herein by reference. The aforementioned isocyanates can be used alone or in combination.

A wide variety of aromatic isocyanates, preferably polyisocyanates, can also be utilized to produce the polyurea elastomer that is the object of the present invention. Typical aromatic polyisocyanates include p-phenylene diisocyanate, polymethylene polyphenyl-isocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, naphthalene-1,4-diisocyanate, bis-(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, and bis-(3-methyl-4-isocyanatophenyl)methane. Other aromatic isocyanates used in the practice of this invention are methylene-bridged polyphenyl polyisocyanate mixtures which have functionalities of from about 2 to about 4. These aromatic isocyanates are well described in the literature and in many patents, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,683,730; 2,950,263; 3,012,008; 3,344,162; and 3,362,979, all incorporated herein by reference.

Usually methylene-bridged polyphenyl polyisocyanate mixtures contain from about 20 to about 100 wt % methylene diphenyl diisocyanate isomers, with the remainder being polymethylene polyphenyl diisocyanate having higher functionalities and higher molecular weights. Typical of these are polyphenyl polyisocyanate mixtures containing from about 20 to about 100 wt % diphenyldiisocyanate isomers, of which from about 20 to about 95 wt % thereof is the 4,4'-isomer with the remainder being polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanates of higher molecular weight and functionality that have an average functionality of from about 2.1 to about 3.5. These isocyanate mixtures are known, commercially available materials and may be prepared by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,362,979.

By far the most preferred aromatic polyisocyanate is methylene bis(4-phenylisocyanate) or "MDI". Pure MDI, quasi-prepolymers of MDI, and modified pure MDI, etc., are useful. Materials of this type may be used to prepare suitable elastomers. Since pure MDI is a solid and, thus, inconvenient to use, liquid products based on MDI are also disclosed herein. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,394,164, which is incorporated herein as reference, describes a liquid MDI product. More generally, uretonimine modified pure MDI is also included. This product is made by heating pure distilled MDI in the presence of a catalyst. Examples of commercial materials of this type are ISONATE.RTM. 125M (pure MDI) and ISONATE.RTM. 2143L, RUBINATE.RTM. 1680, RUBINATE.RTM. 1209 and MONDUR.RTM. ML ("liquid" MDIs). The ISONATE.RTM. products are available from Dow Chemical, the RUBINATE.RTM. products are available from Huntsman Polyurethanes and the MONDUR products available from Bayer Corporation.

Preferably, the amount of isocyanate used to produce the present polyurea elastomers is equal to or greater than the stoichiometric amount based on the active hydrogen ingredients in the formulation. The ratio of equivalents of isocyanate groups in the polyisocyanate to the active hydrogens, preferably amine hydrogens, is in the range of 0.95:1 to about 2.00:1, with about 1.00:1 to about 1.50:1 being preferred and about 1.05:1 to about 1.30:1 being most preferred. This ratio is sometimes referred to as the isocyanate INDEX and is expressed as a percentage of excess isocyanate. The isocyanate INDEX compares the total isocyanate with the total active hydrogen in the reactant compounds.

It should be understood that the term "isocyanate" also includes quasi-prepolymers of isocyanates with active hydrogen-containing materials. The active hydrogen-containing materials used to prepare a prepolymer can include a polyol or a high molecular weight amine-terminated polyether, also described herein as amine terminated alkylenes, or a combination of these materials. The amine-terminated polyethers useful in preparing quasi-prepolymers of isocyanate include the same amine-terminated polyethers described herein as amine-terminated materials for producing polyureas.

The isocyanate quasi-prepolymer of component (a) is preferably prepared from an active hydrogen containing material selected from the group consisting of polyols, amine-terminated alkylenes, and blends thereof. The polyols used in preparing a quasi-prepolymer preferably include polyether polyols, polyester diols, triols, etc., should have an equivalent weight of at least 500, and more preferably at least about 1,000 to about 5,000. In particular, those polyether polyols based on trihydric initiators of about 4,000 molecular weight and above are especially preferred. The polyethers may be prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixture of propylene oxide, butylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide. Other high molecular weight polyols that may be useful in this invention are polyesters of hydroxyl-terminated rubbers, e.g., hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene. Quasi-prepolymers prepared from hydroxyl-terminated polyols and isocyanates are generally reserved for use with aromatic polyurea spray systems.

Isocyanate quasi-prepolymers are also available commercially prepared. These are based on different types of MDI monomers and a variety of polyether and polyester polyols. These products are sold under the various trade names of: RUBINATE 9009, RUBINATE 9495, RUBINATE 9484, RUBINATE 9480, and RUBINATE 9272, all from Huntsman Polyurethanes; MONDUR 1453 and MONDUR 1437 form Bayer Corporation.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,034, incorporated herein by reference, teaches one that alkylene carbonates may be incorporated in the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer for improved mixing characteristics of the polyurea elastomer system. The preferred alkylene carbonates used in the present invention include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, or mixtures thereof.

The present polyurea elastomer systems may also comprise an amine-terminated chain extender. The aromatic chain extenders preferably used in the present invention include many amine-terminated aromatic chain extenders that are well known to the polyurea art. Typical aromatic chain extenders include, for example, 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,4-diaminobenzene, 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,6-diaminobenzene (both referred to as diethyltoluene diamine or DETDA and are commercially available form Albemarle), 1,3,5-triethyl-2,6-diaminobenzene, 3,5,3',5'-tetraethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and the like. Particularly preferred aromatic diamine chain extenders are 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,4-diaminobenzene or a mixture of this compound with 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,6-diaminobenzene. Other useful aromatic chain extenders include, but are not limited to, di(methylthio)toluene diamine or N,N'-bis(sec-butyl)methylenedianiline, each of which can be used alone or, preferably, in combination with 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,4-diaminobenzene or 1-methyl-3,5-diethyl-2,6-diaminobenzene. This combination includes from about 20 to about 99 parts of di(methylthio)toluene diamine of N,N'-bis(sec-butyl)methylenedianiline to about 80 to about 1 parts DETDA.

Other examples of useful chain extenders include low molecular weight amine-terminated polyethers, including primary and secondary amine-terminated polyethers of less than 400 molecular weight, having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6, preferably from about 2 to about 4. In addition, low molecular weight amine-terminated alkylenes and simple alkyl amines are included within the scope of this invention, and may be used alone or in combination with the aforementioned amine-terminated polyols. In addition, other amine-terminated materials having different molecular weight or different chemical compositions may be used. The term "low molecular weight" is intended to include polyether amines having a molecular weight of less than 400. Although the chain extenders used in the present invention are preferably amine-terminated chain extenders, they need not be amine-terminated materials at all. Alternatives include low molecular weight hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, having a functionality of from about 2 to about 6, preferably from about 2 to about 4. These include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin and 1,4-butanediol.

The preferred phenolic resins used in the instant invention are those that have an active hydrogen content of equal to or greater than 2. In other words, a hydroxyl functionality of greater than or equal to 2. Mono-functional phenolic resins are not preferred, because they are likely to lead to polymer chain termination, potentially severely affecting elastomer physical properties and performance. Examples of useful phenolic resins are ARYLFLEX.RTM. DS, a di-functional resin, and ARYLFLEX M4P, a tetra-functional resin. Both products are available from Lyondell Chemical. The use of such phenolic resins in a single component, moisture-cure polyurethane application is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,877.

The polyurea elastomers of the present invention are characterized by urea linkages formed by the reaction of active amine hydrogen groups with isocyanates. However, some of the active hydrogen groups in the reaction mixture are in the form of hydroxyl groups in the phenolic resins. Thus, the polyurea elastomers referred to herein are those formed from reaction mixtures having at least about 70 percent of the active hydrogen groups in the form of amine groups. Preferably, the reaction mixtures have at least about 80 percent of the active hydrogen groups in the form of amine groups, and even more preferably, the reaction mixtures have at least 85 percent of the active hydrogen groups in the form of amine groups.

Another component that may be included as part of the present elastomer system is an epoxy resin. Epoxy resins tend to react with active hydrogens on amine functional materials, forming the basis of the epoxy reaction/curing mechanism. For this reason, the epoxy resin is preferably not incorporated into the active amine hydrogen resin blend component (b). Many epoxy resins also tend to react with isocyanate components making incorporation into the isocyanate side of the disclosed coating system also difficult. By using specially modified epoxy resins, they may be included in the isocyanate side of the coating system without any problem. Once this component is mixed with the resin blend component of the disclosed system, the epoxy resins can react with the active amine hydrogens to form an Interpenetrating Polymer Network. This tends to further improve chemical resistance, lower moisture vapor transmission and possibly improves substrate adhesion. These epoxy resins are preferably based on cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ethers and supplied as ERISYS GE-22 and ERISYS GE-22S from CVC Specialty Chemicals.

Pigments, for example, titanium dioxide and/or carbon black, may also be incorporated in the elastomer system to impart color properties. Pigments may be in the form of solids or the solids may be pre-dispersed in a resin carrier. Reinforcements, for example, flake or milled glass, and fumed silica, may also be incorporated in the elastomer system to impart certain properties. Other additives such as UV stabilizers, antioxidants, air release agents, adhesion promoters, or structural reinforcing agents may be added to the mixture depending on the desired characteristics of the end product. These are generally known to those skilled in the art.

Preferably, the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer coating/lining systems of the present invention are prepared using plural component, high pressure, high temperature spray equipment. As known in the art, plural component equipment combines two components, an (a) component and a (b) component. The (a) component generally includes an isocyanate material, while the (b) component generally includes the amine terminated polyethers and phenolic resins. Other additives may also be included in the resin blend component as noted previously. The (a) component and the (b) component of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer system are preferably combined or mixed under high pressure. In a preferred embodiment, they are impingement mixed directly in the high-pressure spray equipment. This equipment for example includes: GUSMER H-2000, GUSMER H-3500, GUSMER H-20/35 and Glas-Craft MH type proportioning units fitted with either a GUSMER GX-7, GUSMER GX-7 400 series or GUSMER GX-8 impingement mix spray gun. The two components are mixed under high pressure inside the spray gun thus forming the coating/lining system, which is then applied to the desired substrate via the spray gun. The use of plural component spray equipment, however, is not critical to the present invention and is included only as one example of a suitable method for mixing the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer systems of the present invention.

A further advantage of the present invention is that the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer reactants discussed herein can react to form the present phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer system without the aid of a catalyst. Catalysts may be used in the normal preparation of the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer. Therefore, the catalyst may be excluded during the practice of this invention in the preparation of the plural component, phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer system.

Post curing of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomeric system is optional. Post curing will improve certain elastomeric properties, and use depends on the desired properties of the end product. Post curing may be used as a tool to speed up the final cure of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer to allow for rapid elastomer properties evaluation.

As a result of the improved chemical resistance, lower moisture vapor transmission and substrate adhesion of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer systems, the present invention produces excellent candidate materials for coating/lining applications of substrates such as concrete, steel, aluminum, glass, fiberglass, pressed wood oriented strand board, asphalt, thermoplastic polymers of polyethylene and polypropylene, expanded polystyrene, polyurethane foam, sealants and goetextile fabrics. The fast cure time of the systems of the present invention will allow for rapid turn around time for the coating/application work. This could include steel tank lining, concrete tank linings, sewage and waste-water lift stations, pipe linings, secondary containment, roof coating, bedliners, road marking coatings, traffic deck coatings and off-shore corrosion protection in the refining and maritime industry.

It should be understood that the present description is for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Thus, those skilled in art will appreciate that various modifications and alterations to the presently disclosed embodiments might be made without departing from the intended spirit and scope of the present invention. Additional advantages and details of the present invention are evident upon an examination of the following examples and appended claims.

EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE USEFULNESS OF THE INVENTION

The following examples illustrate the usefulness of this application:

Example I

A phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer systems was prepared by first preparing the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer (A-Component). This isocyanate quasi-prepolymer was prepared by the addition of 45 pbw JEFFAMINE D-2000 under agitation to 45 pbw of VESTANAT IPDI (Isophorone diisocyanate). This was allowed to react, and upon cooling, 10 pbw of propylene carbonate was added.

Prior to preparation of the complete resin blend (B-Component), an IPD/DEM Adduct useful in the Example I was prepared. The IPD/DEM Adduct was prepared by slow addition of STAYFLEX DEM, 49.1 pbw to VESTAMINE IPD, 50.9 pbw. This adduct was then used in the following preparation.

The resin blend (B-Component) was prepared by mixing JEFFAMINE D-2000, 14.4 pbw; JEFFAMINE T-5000, 15.4 pbw; ARYLFLEX DS, 15.0 pbw; IPD/DEM Adduct, 22.0 pbw; VESTAMINE IPD, 7.0 pbw; JEFFAMINE D-230, 7.0 pbw; SILQUEST A-187, 0.2 pbw; water, 0.1 pbw; and pigment dispersion, 19.0 pbw.

The Isocyanate quasi-prepolymer and the resin blend component were then mixed using high pressure, high temperature impingement mix spray equipment to for the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer. This system had an effective gel time of 13 seconds. Formulation information is summarized, as well as elastomer physical property information in Table 1.

Example II

A phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer systems was prepared by first preparing the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer (A-Component). This isocyanate quasi-prepolymer was prepared by the addition of 24.3 pbw TERATHANE 650 to 70.6 pbw ISONATE 143L. 0.1 pbw T-12 catalyst was added to complete the reaction of the quasi-prepolymer. After reaction to form the quasi-prepolymer, 5.0 pbw propylene carbonate was added.

The resin blend (B-Component) was prepared by mixing JEFFAMINE D-2000, 14.08 pbw; JEFFAMINE T-5000, 28.35 pbw; ETHACURE 100, 17.04 pbw; UNILINK 4200, 8.66 pbw; ARYLFLEX DS, 23.7 pbw; 1,4-butanediol, 3.17 pbw; SILQUEST A-187, 0.37 pbw; BYK-A 501, 0.37 pbw, BYK-320, 0.56 pbw; and pigment dispersion, 3.7 pbw.

The Isocyanate quasi-prepolymer and the resin blend component were then mixed using high pressure, high temperature impingement mix spray equipment to form the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer. The system was applied to a flat substrate with a release agent applied such that a film of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer could be removed for testing. This system had an effective gel time of 6 seconds. Formulation information is summarized, as well as elastomer physical property information in Table 1.

Example III

A phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer systems was prepared by first preparing the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer (A-Component). This isocyanate quasi-prepolymer was prepared by the addition of 26.5 pbw ARYLFLEX DS to 68.3 pbw ISONATE 143L. 0.2 pbw COSCAT 16 catalyst was added to complete the reaction of the quasi-prepolymer. After reaction to form the quasi-prepolymer, 5.0 pbw propylene carbonate was added.

The resin blend (B-Component) was prepared by mixing JEFFAMINE D-2000, 14.08 pbw; JEFFAMINE T-5000, 28.35 pbw; ETHACURE 100, 17.04 pbw; UNILINK 4200, 8.66 pbw; ARYLFLEX DS, 23.7 pbw; 1,4-butanediol, 3.17 pbw; SILQUEST A-187, 0.37 pbw; BYK-A 501, 0.37 pbw; BYK-320, 0.56 pbw; and pigment dispersion, 3.7 pbw.

The Isocyanate quasi-prepolymer and the resin blend component were then mixed using high pressure, high temperature impingement mix spray equipment to form the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer. The system was applied to a flat substrate with a release agent applied such that a film of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer could be removed for testing. This system had an effective gel time of 6 seconds. Formulation information is summarized, as well as elastomer physical property information in Table 1.

Example IV

A phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer systems was prepared by first preparing the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer (A-Component). This isocyanate quasi-prepolymer was prepared by the addition of 13.3 pbw ARYLFLEX DS and 13.2 pbw TERATHANE 650 to 68.3 pbw ISONATE 143L. 0.2 pbw COSCAT 16 catalyst was added to complete the reaction of the quasi-prepolymer. After reaction to form the quasi-prepolymer, 5.0 pbw propylene carbonate was added.

The resin blend (B-Component) was prepared by mixing JEFFAMINE D-2000, 14.08 pbw; JEFFAMINE T-5000, 28.35 pbw; ETHACURE 100, 17.04 pbw; UNILINK 4200, 8.66 pbw; ARYLFLEX DS, 23.7 pbw; 1,4-butanediol, 3.17 pbw; SILQUEST A-187, 0.37 pbw; BYK-A 501, 0.37 pbw; BYK-320, 0.56 pbw; and pigment dispersion, 3.7 pbw.

The Isocyanate quasi-prepolymer and the resin blend component were then mixed using high pressure, high temperature impingement mix spray equipment to form the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer. The system was applied to a flat substrate with a release agent applied such that a film of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer could be removed for testing. This system had an effective gel time of 6 seconds. Formulation information is summarized, as well as elastomer physical property information in Table 1.

Example V

Comparative Example V is a standard, aromatic polyurea spray elastomer system prepared by using an RUBINATE 9484, 100 pbw as the isocyanate quasi-prepolymer (A-Component).

The resin blend (B-Component) was prepared by mixing JEFFAMINE D-2000, 51.0 pbw; JEFFAMINE T-5000,, 15.0 pbw; ETHACURE 100, 25.2 pbw; UNILINK 4200, 3.2 pbw; SILQUEST A-187, 0.5 pbw; and pigment dispersion, 3.7 pbw.

The Isocyanate quasi-prepolymer and the resin blend component were then mixed using high pressure, high temperature impingement mix spray equipment to form the polyurea elastomer. The system was applied to a flat substrate with a release agent applied such that a film of the polyurea elastomer could be removed for testing. This system had an effective gel time of 12 seconds. Formulation information is summarized, as well as elastomer physical property information in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Example I II III IV V
Isocyanate (A), pbw:
VESTANAT IPDI 45.0 -- -- -- --
ISONATE 143L -- 70.6 68.3 68.3 --
RUBINATE 9484 -- -- -- -- 100
JEFFAMINE D-2000 45.0 -- -- -- --
ARYLFLEX DS -- -- 26.5 13.1 --
TERATHANE 650 -- 24.3 -- 13.2 --
Propylene Carbonate 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 --
T-12 -- 0.1 -- -- --
COSCAT 16 -- -- 0.2 0.2 --
Resin Blend (B), pbw:
JEFFAMINE D-2000 14.4 14.08 14.08 14.08 51.0
JEFFAMINE T-5000 15.4 28.35 28.35 28.35 15.0
ARYLFLEX DS 15.0 23.7 23.7 23.7 --
ETHACURE 100 -- 17.04 17.04 17.04 25.2
UNILINK 4200 -- 8.66 8.66 8.66 3.2
VESTAMINE IPD 7.0 -- -- -- --
IPD/DEM Adduct 22.0 -- -- -- --
JEFFAMINE D-230 7.0 -- -- -- --
1,4 Butanediol -- 3.17 3.17 3.17 --
Pigment Dispersion 19.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 5.0
SILQUEST A-187 0.2 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.5
Water 0.1 -- -- -- --
BYK-A 501 -- 0.37 0.37 0.37 --
BYK-320 -- 0.56 0.56 0.56 --
Processing:
A:B volume ratio 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
INDEX 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05
Gel time, sec 13 6 6 6 12
Physical properties:
Tensile strength, psi NT 5744 5137 4720 2750
Elongation, % NT 55 239 260 425
Tear strength, pli NT 1617 1395 1031 430
Shore D Hardness NT 55 62 57 46

Chemical Resistance Testing

To illustrate the advantage of the phenolic/polyurea co-polymer elastomer over conventional polyurea elastomer systems, aggressive chemical exposure testing was used, according to ASTM D 1308, method 3 (7 day immersion at 25° C.), "Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes". The results of the testing are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Example II III IV V
Sulfuric Acid, 50% pass pass pass fail, 8 hours
Phosphoric Acid, 85% pass pass pass fail, 24 hours
Sodium Hydroxide, 25% pass pass pass fail, 2 days
Hydrochloric Acid, 25% pass pass pass fail, 2 days
Toluene pass pass pass fail, 2 days
*after 7 days of testing/immersion

* * * * *
Other References
• Oertel, Gunter, ed. "Polyurethane Handbook", 2nd ed., Hanser Publishers, New York: 1994, pp. 105-106, 23-24, 571.*
• D.J. Primeaux II and K.M. Hillman Polyurea Elastomer Technology: Bridging the Gap to Commercial Applications Polyurethanes Expo Sep. 17-20, 1998 pp. 543 to 550.

Middle-Stream of Petrochemical Industries

2008-11-16T17:48:00.000-08:00

Middle-Stream of Petrochemical Industries

Stephanus Sulaeman@upv.pertamina

8. PETROCHEMICALS FROM ETHYLENE

Ethylene is a prime raw material for petrochemicals and it is readily available at low cost and high purity. Ethylene reacts by addition with low cost materials such as oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride and water, and the reaction take place under relatively mild condition and usually with high yields. Ethylene also reacts by substitution to producevinyl monomer. Derivatives of ethylene are used for the production of plastics, antifreeze, fibers and solvents. Ethylene and many ethylene derivatives are used for the production of polymers, like the formation of polyethylene and ethylene related polymer such as polystyrene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride. Ethylene oxides dominates the individual compounds produced fromethlene with ethylene dichloride, the precursor of vinyl chloride, next in quantity of ethylene utilized followed by ethyl benzene for styrene production. While polyethylene is the biggest individual compounds produced from ethylene and the others are ethanol, linear alcohol, vinyl acetate, alpha olefins and many others. The projected use for ethylene is mainly in low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethylene oxide and others.

8.1. ETHYLENE OXIDE EO CH2-O-CH2

Production.

EO is produced by exothermic by air or oxygen oxidation of gas phase ethylene over a silver Ag2O catalyst in a very short time (second).

2 CH2=CH2 + O2 → 2 CH2-O-CH2

The concominant exothermic reaction is

CH2=CH2 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

Ethylene oxide selectivity is improved when the reaction temperature lowered and the conversion of ethylene is decreased. The use of high selectivity catalyst and control of temperature are key factors in succesful production of ethylene oxide. The development of high selectivity catalyst is obtained by incorporating alkali metal cations in, on or under the silver particles on the alumina. All of Shell, Halcon and ICI patented this kind of high selectivity compound catalyst. There are many representative process for both ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol production.

With air oxidation the reaction is carried out in single stage main reactor. The oxidation reaction is controlled in a manner similar to that used for air oxidation. Most of the absorber outlet gas is recycled to the reactor and the rest is treated by potassium hydroxide solution to remove CO2 and the recycled again to the reactor. The oxygen process is approximately more economical than the air process.

Uses.

Ethylene oxide reacts exothermically, especially in the presence of catalyst, with all compounds which have a labile hydrogen atom, such as water, alcohols, amines and organic acids. This reaction introduces the hydroxyethyl group –CH2-CH2OH into various type of compounds, like

R-CH2OH + CH2-O-CH2 → R-CH2O-CH2-CH2OH

The addition of the hydroxyethyl group increases the water solubility of the resulting compounds. Further reaction with ethylene oxide produces polyethylene oxide derivatives. The number of moles of ethylene oxide determine the water solubility and the surface activity of the product.

The uses of ethylene oxide demanded mainly are ethylene glycol and surfactants. Ethylene glycol is mainly used for antifreeze and polyester, and there are two major types of surfactants, alkyl phenol ethoxylates non-biodegradable or hard surfactants and linear alcohol ethoxylates biodegradable or soft surfactants. Other compounds from EO are the higher glycols, glycol ethers and the ethanolamines, and less important product are tertiary alkyl mercaptoalcohols, glycol acetate and diacetate, beta phenyl ethyl alcohol and hydroxyethyl cellulose. Ethylene oxide is also used as a cold sterilant for bacteria, spores and viruses and with CO2 for controlling wievils in nuts. It is an effective insecticide and its also used as an intermediate for other insecticides as well as for fungicides, explosives and resins.

8.1.1. Ethylene glycol EG HOCH2-CH2OH

EG is essentially produced by the hydration of ethylene oxide. It also can be produced directly from ethylene by acetoxylation - the Oxirane process, or oxychlorination – the Teijin process. The other process to produce EG is from syn-gas by direct synthesis process.

From ethylene oxide.

The oxide ring, epoxide ring, is readily opened by water in the presence of hydrogen ions (0.5 – 1% H2SO4 catalyst).

CH2-O-CH2 + H2O H+→ HOCH2-CH2OH

This is a liquid phase process where di- and triethylene glycol ethers are formed, which is not an economics burden on the monoglycol. They have many applications with the most important being water based coatings. The tri-ethers are paramount in the brake fluid market.

From ethylene by acetoxylation.

The production of EG is carried out in two steps. The first step is the catalyzed liquid phase oxidation of ethylene in acetic acid to a mixture of mono and diacetates of ethylene glycol over TeO2 (promoted by Br compounds) catalyst.

2 CH2=CH2 + 3 CH3-C=O OH + O2 →

CH3-C=O OCH2-CH2OH + CH3-C=O OCH2-CH2O-C=O CH3 + H2O

The acetates are hydrolyzed to obtain the glycol and regenerate acetic acid for reuse.

CH3-C=O OCH2-CH2OH + CH3-C=O OCH2-CH2O-C=O CH3 + 3 H2O →

2 HOCH2-CH2OH + 3 CH3-C=O OH

The net reaction 2 CH2=CH2 + 2 H2O + O2 → 2 HOCH2-CH2OH

Manganese acetate catalyst plus potassium iodide has also been used widely.

The acetates are hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol, but it is difficult to complete and with the separation of the monoacetals and glycols, hard to accomplish. Ethylene efficiency improvement can be secured by the Oxirane process but it require higher investment and energy cost. Corrosion is the major production problem with the Oxirane process, because of the presence of acetic and formic acids. Mean while the tellurium catalyst having a tendency to convert to the metal and plate out.

From ethylene by oxychlorination.

The Teijin catalytic oxychlorination process is a modern chlorohydrin process for ethylene oxide production. In place of chlorine, concentrate 1N hydrochloric acid is used and thalium (III) chloride TlCl3 is the catalyst. The ethylene chlorohydrin may be hydrolyzed in-situ.

CH2=CH2 + TlCl3 + H2O → ClCH2-CH2OH + TlCl + HCl

ClCH2-CH2OH + H2O → HOCH2-CH2OH + HCl

The TlCl catalyst is regenerated by air or oxygen plus copper (II) chloride which gives the Thallium (III) chloride the status of the catalyst.

TlCl + 2 CuCl2 → TlCl3 + Cu2Cl2

Cu2Cl2 + 4 HCl + O2 → 4 CuCl2 + 2 H2O

The overall reaction is 2 CH2=CH2 + O2 + 2 H2O → 2 HOCH2-CH2OH

The by-products are acetaldehyde, dioxane and diethylene glycol. The acetaldehyde yield will be increases appreciably if the Cl : Ti3+ ratio is less than 4 : 1. When the reaction temperature is above 120 oC, the chlorohydrin is hydrolyzed in situ.

From formaldehyde and carbon monoxide and from synthesis gas.

The reaction of formaldehyde with carbon monoxide and water forms glycolyc acid.

H-C=O H + CO + H2O → HOCH2-C=O OH

The glycolyc acid is esterified with methanol.

HOCH2-C=O OH + CH3OH → HOCH2-C=O OCH3 + H2O

The ester is hydrogenated to ethylene glycol and methanol.

HOCH2-C=O OCH3 + 2 H2 → HOCH2-CH2OH + CH3OH

The net reaction is H-C=O H + CO + 2 H2 → HOCH2-CH2OH

Uses.

Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze and polyester.

8.1.2. Ethanol amines (HOCH2-CH2)xN3-x

Monoethanol amine MEA HOCH2-CH2NH2, diethanol amine DEA (HOCH2-CH2)2NH and triethanol amine TEA (HOCH2-CH2)3N are produced as a mixture from the reaction of ethylene oxide with 25 to 50% aqueous ammonia.

CH2-O-CH2 + NH3 → HOCH2-CH2NH2

CH2-O-CH2 + (HOCH2-CH2)2NH → (HOCH2-CH2)3N

Ammonia : ethylene oxide ratio is 10 : 1

The relative proportions of mono, di and triethanolamine is dependent upon the ratio of ammonia to ethylene oxide. The ratio also varies with the temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide / ammonia / recycle MEA feed ratios are used to control the distribution of ethanol amines to accomodate varying market demands for each of the products.

Uses.

The ethanol amines have unusually diverse industrial applications. The most important direct use for the ethanol amines is the sweetening of acid gases. The most important indirect use is for the production of detergents. The ethanol amines are also used as corrosion inhibitors and to stabilize chlorinated hydrocarbons by preventing decomposition in the presence of a metal or metallic compounds. The ethanol amines are used extensively for the production of ethanolamide detergents from fatty acids.

R-C=O OH + HOCH2-CH2NH2 → R-C=ONH-CH2-CH2OH + H2O

Lauric acid CH3-(CH2)10-C=O OH is the main fatty acid used. Monoethanol amides are used primarily in heavy duty powder detergents as from stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors and rinse improvers. Ethanol amines soaps rank close behind the ethanolamides as important industrial products. They are formed by reaction of an ethanol amine with a fatty acid, a reaction similar to the formation of ethanol amide, but at lower temperature and without catalyst. the product is a salt rather than an amide. The fatty acid utilized are oleic, stearic and palmitic. These soaps are used extensively in cosmetic preparation. Ethanol amine soaps are also used in soluble lubricating and cutting oils, furniture, automobile and metal polishes, solvent cleaners, stain and paint removers and spotting soaps, and floor, rug, woodwork and paintbrush cleaners.

8.2. VINYL CHLORIDE VCM CH2=CHCl

Production.

VCM is produced by the balance oxychlorination process in three principal process steps conversion of ethylene and chlorine.

The first step is direct chlorination by exothermic reaction of liquid or vapor phase addition of chlorine to ethylene to produce ethylene dichloride EDC over ethylene bromide or iron chloride FeCl3 catalyst.

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2-CH2Cl

The second step is pyrolysis of EDC to VCM and hydrogen chloride HCl over pumice or charcoal catalyst.

ClCH2-CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl

The third step is oxychlorination in which the pyrolysis HCl, ethylene and oxygen in the presence of modified Deacon type catalyst combine to form EDC and water on fluidized bed or fixed bed reactor.

2 CH2=CH2 + 4 HCl + O2 → 2 ClCH2-CH2Cl + 2 H2O

The EDC is recycled to the pyrolysis unit. The overall reaction is

4 CH2=CH2 + 2 Cl2 + O2 → 4 CH2=CHCl + 2 H2O

The oxychlorination step is the heart of the process and has two major variants – reactor and oxidant. Either a fluidized bed or fixed bed reactor is used – along with either oxygen or air.

Oxychlorination is an effective way to utilize the by product hydrogen chloride, but it is also the most costly process step. Many of the chlorinated compounds which have to be removed in the distillation section are by-products of the oxychlorination step. An integrated process eliminates some of these problems because the oxychlorination step is separate from the chlorine-ethylene addition step. In this particular process the oxidation of hydrogen chloride is catalyzed by nitrogen oxide in a circulating stream of sulfuric acid – the KeChlor process.

Uses.

The VCM is used for the production of homo and copolymers. Their major uses are for extrusion such as pipe, films, coatings and moldings. The relationship between capacity and demand are both increasing, but demand is less than the capacity. The major uses of Ethylene dichloride is for the production of vinyl chloride, the minor is used as chlorinated solvent, the remainder is used as a lead scavengers.

8.3. ETHYLBENZENE C6H5-CH2-CH3

Production.

Ethyl benzene is produced by alkylation reaction between benzene and ethylene over AlCl3 catalyst for liquid phase and crystalline alumino-silicate zeolite catalyst for vapour phase.

C6H6 + CH2=CH2 → C6H5-CH2-CH3

Uses.

Ethyl benzene is mainly used to produce styrene C6H5-CH=CH2 by endothermic vapor phase, Fe-Cr oxide catalytic dehydrogenation.

C6H5-CH2-CH3 → C6H5-CH=CH2 + H2

8.4. ETHANOL CH3-CH2OH

Production.

Ethyl alcohol are produce by fermentation or indirect hydration of ethylene with mono- and diethyl sulfates as intermediate and direct hydration of ethylene. The synthetic indirect hydration of ethylene is

3 CH2=CH2 + 2 H2SO4 → CH3-CH2OSO3H + (CH3-CH2O)2SO2

Hydrolysis of these sulfate gave ethanol and regenerated the sulfuric acid.

CH3-CH2OSO3H + (CH3-CH2O)2SO2 + 3 H2O → 3 CH3-CH2OH + 2 H2SO4

The synthetic direct hydration of ethylene is over H3PO4 on diatomaceous earth catalyst or Al(OH)3 gel and tungstic acid on silica gel.

CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3-CH2OH

The initial product is 94 - 95% ethanol which can be dehydrated to anhydrous ethanol.

Uses.

Ethanol is used as solvent and chemical conversion uses. Compound synthesized from ethanol are ethyl chloride, ethyl ether, glycol ethyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, chloral, ethyl amines, ethyl mercaptan, acetic acid and many different ethyl esters.

8.5. ACETALDEHYDE CH3-C=O H

Production.

The production of acetaldehyde firstly was by the silver catalyzed oxidation of ethanol or by the chromium activated copper catalyzed dehydration of ethanol. The more sophisticated process used a combination of oxidation-dehydrogenation. The exothermic oxidation provided the heat required for the endothermic dehydrogenation.

Oxidation 2 CH3-CH2OH + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O H + H2O

Dehydrogenation CH3-CH2OH → 2 CH3-C=O H + H2

Currently acetaldehyde is produced directly from ethylene by use of a liquid phase homogenous catalyst. One distinct advantage of this catalyst is high selectivity, a significant energy saving because of the low temperatures and pressure of the operating condition.

The homogenous catalyst system used for the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde consist of an aqueous solution of copper (II) chloride CuCl2, and a small quantity of palladium (II) chloride PdCl2. In the course of oxidation, the palladium ion of PdCl2 is reduced to metallic palladium.

CH2=CH2 + H2O + PdCl2 → CH3-C=O H + 2 HCl + Pd

The palladium is reoxidized to palladium (II) ion (Pd2+) by the copper (II) ion (Cu2+) which becomes copper (I) ion (Cu+).

Pd + 2 CuCl2 → PdCl2 + 2 CuCl

The copper (I) ion is reoxidized to copper (II) ion, by air or oxygen.

2 CuCl + ½ O2 + 2 HCl → 2 CuCl2 + H2O

The overall reaction is exothermic reaction over PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst.

2 CH2=CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O H

The oxidation is carried out as a single stage process over PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst with the oxygen used in situ to regenerate the copper (II) ion. In the two stage process over PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst also, the catalyst solution, containing copper (I) ion equivalent to the amount of acetaldehyde formed, is transferred into a tube oxidizer and reoxidized with air. Acetaldehyde can be produced by the vapour phase catalytic oxidation of ethylene over Pd/V2O5/Ru on Al2O3 catalyst.

CH2=CH2 + O2 + H2O → CH3-C=O H + CH3-C=O OH

The by-product acetic acid is not an economic burden because acetaldehyde is use as one of the precursor of acetic acid.

Acetaldehyde is also produced by the non-catalytic oxidation of propane, butane or a mixture of two. The by-products are formaldehyde, methanol and other.

Uses.

Acetaldehyde is used to synthesize other compounds, which are acetic acid, peracetic acid, acetic anhydride, chloral, paraldehyde, polyacetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, n-butanol and pentaerythritol. Acetic acid is obtained by the liquid phase oxidation of acetaldehyde over (CH3-C=O)2Mn.

2 CH3-C=O H + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O OH

Acetic acid is also produced by the liquid phase oxidation of n-butane and naphtha, and by methanol carbonylation. n-butanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH is produced by the Aldol condensation of acetaldehyde with the intermediate formation of crotonaldehyde CH3-CH=CH-C=O H, which is hydrogenated to n-butanol.

2 CH3-C=O H (OH-)→ CH3-CHOH-CH2-C=O H

CH3-CHOH-CH2-C=O H H+→ CH3-CH=CH-C=O H + H2O

CH3-CH=CH-C=O H + H2 → CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH

n-butanol is also produced from propylene by the Oxo process (catalytic hydroformylation of propylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, followed by hydrogenation)

2 CH3-CH=CH2 + 2 CO + 2 H2 → CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H + CH3 CH3-CH-C=O H

CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H + H2 → CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH

8.6. VINYL ACETATE CH2=CHO-C=O CH3

Production.

Vinyl acetate is produced from ethylene and acetic acid by both liquid phase and vapor phase catalytic oxidation process. The liquid phase process is similar to homogeneous catalytic systems used for production acetaldehyde from ethylene, but the difference is the presence of acetic acid. CH2=CH2 + 2 CH3-C=O OH + O2 → CH2=CHO-C=O CH3 + CH3-C=O H + H2O

The liquid phase process is not used extensively because of corrosion problems and the formation of a fairly wide variety of other by products. The vapour phase process, over Pd on Al2O3 or SiO2/Al2O3 catalyst, is currently the most commercial

2 CH2=CH2 + 2 CH3-C=O OH + O2 → 2 CH2=CHO-C=O CH3 + 2 H2O

Another process which already obsolete is acetylene process. In this process the acetic acid adds to acetylene in the presence of mercury (II) acetate.

HC=CH + CH3-C=O OH → CH2=CHO-C=O CH3

Uses.

Vinyl acetate is a versatile monomer used to produce polyvinyl acetate and vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol and other polymers.

8.7. ACRYLIC ACID CH2=CH-C=O OH

Production.

Acryic acid can be produced from ethylene by oxidative carbonylation with carbon monoxide and oxygen with a palladium (II)/copper (II) catalyst system. This is the same type of homogenous liquid phase catalytic reaction used to produce acetaldehyde from ethylene. The overall reaction over PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst is

2 CH2=CH2 + 2 CO + O2 → 2 CH2=CH-C=O OH

This process can’t compete with the oxidation of propylene, with the intermediate is acrolein.

CH3-CH=CH2 + O2 → CH2=CH-C=O H + H2O

2 CH2=CH-C=O OH + O2 → 2 CH2=CH-C=O OH

Uses.

Acrylic acid and its esters are used to make acrylic fibres and plastics.

8.8. PROPIONALDEHYDE CH3-CH2-C=O H

Production.

Propionaldehyde is produced by the hydroformulation of ethylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the Oxo reaction.

CH2=CH2 + 2 CO + H2 → CH3=CH2-C=O H

Cobalt carbonyl complexes have been used as the catalyst and high pressure and medium temperature are required, but currently it is replace by a complex of rhodium bonded by labile linkages to an organic ligand. During the reaction, CO and H2 also form a complex with the catalyst. The result is lower temperature and pressure. The construction cost is lower and so do the operating cost. Also higher yields and a purer products are obtained.

Uses.

Propionaldehyde is used to make other compounds such as propanol CH3-CH2-CH2OH and propionic acid CH3=CH2-C=O OH. Propionaldehyde is hydrogenated to propanol CH3-CH2-CH2OH,

CH3=CH2-C=O H + H2 → CH3-CH2-CH2OH

Various herbicide synthesis mainly used propanol. The large use is in solvents for coating and for ink used in printing on containers. Propionic acid CH3=CH2-C=O OH is obtained by oxidation from propionaldehyde.

CH3=CH2-C=O H + H2 → CH3=CH2-C=O OH

This compound is the largest user of propionaldehyde. Propionic acid is used as a preservative for grain, especially corn.

8.9. LINEAR ALCOHOLS CH3-(CH2)2-26-CH2OH

Production.

Linear alcohols are produced from ethylene by a four step process – the Alfol process. A Ziegler type catalyst is first produced by the reaction between aluminum metal, hydrogen and ethylene to form triethyl aluminum (CH3-CH2-)3Al.

Catalyst preparation.

6 CH2=CH2 + 2 Al + 3 H2 → 2 (CH3-CH2-)3Al

Polymerization over (CH3-CH2-)3Al ‘catalyst’,

CH3-(CH2-)x-CH2 )

n CH2=CH2 + (CH3-CH2-)3Al → CH3-(CH2-)y-CH2 > Al

CH3-(CH2-)z-CH2 )

Oxidation the trialkylaluminum with bone dry air to aluminum trialkoxides.

CH3-(CH2-)x-CH2 ) CH3-(CH2-)x-CH2-O )

2 CH3-(CH2-)y-CH2 > Al + 3 O2 → 2 CH3-(CH2-)y-CH2-O > Al

CH3-(CH2-)z-CH2 ) CH3-(CH2-)z-CH2-O )

Hydrolysis, the mixture of aluminum trialkoxides is hydrolyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid to yield a mixture of even numbered primary alcohols and aluminum sulfat.

CH3-(CH2-)x-CH2-O ) ( 2 CH3-(CH2-)x-CH2OH

2 CH3-(CH2-)y-CH2-O > Al + 3 H2SO4 → ( 2 CH3-(CH2-)y-CH2OH + Al2(SO4)3

CH3-(CH2-)z-CH2-O ) ( 2 CH3-(CH2-)z-CH2OH

The aluminum sulfate co-product from the hydrolysis is used in paper making and water treatment. Water is used in modified Alfol process instead of sulfuric acid to effect the hydrolysis, and the co-product is alumina Al2O3, used in the production of catalyst.

Uses.

Linear alcohols are biodegradable and those in the C12-16 range are used to make detergent, those in the C10-12 range are used to make plastizicers and the C16-18 alcohol are modifiers for wash and wear resins. The higher alcohols C20-26, are used as lubricants and mold release agents. Alpha olefins R-CH=CH2 are produced from trialkylaluminum by reaction with 1-butene.

[CH3-(CH2-)n]3Al + 3 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 → 3 CH3-CH2-(CH2-)3n-9CH=CH2 + [CH3-(CH2-)3]3Al

The triethylaluminum and 1-butene are recoverd by reaction between tributylaluminum and ethylene.

[CH3-(CH2-)3]3Al + 3 CH2=CH2 → (CH3-CH2-)3Al + 3 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2

The alpha olefins are used in the production of detergents. Poly alpha olefins PAO, are used as industrial lubricants, hydraulic fluids, turbine and gear lubricants, multigrade grease and air compressor lubes. They conserve fuel by reducing friction and they have greater thermal stability to give longer service life.

9. PETROCHEMICALS FROM PROPYLENE AND HIGHER OLEFINS

Propylene CH3–CH=CH2 is always a by product, it comes as a by product of refinery operations and from steam cracking of ethane and naphtha for ethylene production. Chemical grade propylene produce alkylate and polymer gasoline components. Propylene is utilize to produce mainly poly-propylene, acrylic acid and others.

9.1. ACRYLONITRILE CH2=CH-CN

Production.

Acrylonitrile AN is produced by direct ammoxidation, oxidative amination of propylene.

2 CH3–CH=CH2 + 2 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 CH2=CH-CN + 6 H2O

The reaction is exothermic and take place in fluidized bed with ‘catalyst 4I’ catalyst on once through basis under a short time residence time (in seconds). The by-product of this reaction is acetonitrile CH3-CN and hydrogen cyanide HCN. The heart of the process is the ammoxidation catalyst and the reactor. The Montedison – UOP fluidized bed process uses extremely active high performance catalyst which give a propylene conversion of over 95 % and acrylonitile selectivity is excess of 80 %. New catalyst had been developed by Nitto Chemical Industry Co. for Sohio process. Both fluid bed catalyst and fixed bed reactors are used. The British Petroleum and the Snamprogetti process use fixed bed reactors, but modern acrylonitrile processes use fluidized bed reactor.

Uses.

The major uses of acrylonitrile are in the production of plastics and resins. Acrylonitrile is converted to acrylamide CH2=CH-C=OOH, an essential aminoacid. The most potential reaction is the production of adiponitrile ADN NC-(CH2)4-CN by direct electrohydrodimerization of acrylonitrile.

Anode H2O – 2e- H+ → 2 CH2=CH-CN Cathode

↓ ↓ +2H+ + 2e-

½ O2 + 2 H+ H+ → NC-(CH2)4-CN

Anolyte Catholyte

The electrohydrodimerization take place on the cathode surface. Propionitrile, CH3-CH2-CN is a by-product. Adiponitrile is the precursor for nylon 66.

9.2. PROPYLENE OXIDE 1,2-epoxy propane CH3-CH-O-CH2

Propylene oxide is similar in structure to ethylene oxide, but it is markedly different in both production and uses. There are two major processes for the production of propylene oxide. The old one is chlorohydrination of propylene followed by epoxidation of the chlorohydrin by calcium hydroxide. The recent process is oxidation by use of an organic peroxide – the Oxirane process.

Propylene chlorohydrin process.

The chlorohydrination process consists of the formation of propylene chlorohydrin CH3-CHOH-CH2Cl, by the reaction between hypochlorous acid HOCL, and propylene. The hypochlorous acid is formed by the reaction between chlorine and water Cl2 + H2O → HOCL + HCl.

2 CH3–CH=CH2 + HOCl → CH3-CHOH-CH2Cl

The propylene chlorohydrin is epoxidized to propylene oxide by a 10 % solution of milk of lime Ca(OH)2.

2 CH3–CH=CH2 + Ca(OH)2 → CH3-CH-O-CH2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

The propylene oxide is removed by stripping with live steam.

Two disadvantages of the chlorohydrin process are first the chlorine is costly and it ends up as very weak calcium chloride solution, and secondly it is also necessary to dispose of 10 % to 15 % propylene dichloride.

Epoxidation by peroxides.

The production of propylene oxide by organic peroxides is also two step process, the main difference is that the co-products are compounds of appreciable economic value

The chemical reaction epoxidation of propylene by peracetic acid CH3-C=O OOH which is peroxide, is 2 CH3–CH=CH2 + CH3-C=O OOH → CH3-CH-O-CH2 + CH3-C=O OH

The peracetic acid is produced from acetaldehyde and air CH3-C=O H + O2 → CH3-C=O OOH.

The oxidation is carried out in an ethyl acetate solution and in the presence of a metal ion catalyst. The peracetic acid is obtained as a 30 % solution in ethyl acetate.

The Oxirane process uses either iso-butane hydroperoxide CH3 CH3-C-CH3 OOH or ethyl benzene hydroperoxide C6H5-CH-CH3 OOH. The hydroperoxides are formed by air oxidation of the feed stocks, and which feed-stock is used is determined of the co-product derrivative wanted, isobutylene or styrene. The epoxidation conditions using ethyl benzene hydroperoxide EBHP over Mo compounds catalyst such as coordination compounds of molybdenum hexacarbonyl and molybdenum oxyacetyl acetonate, or transition metal ions such as Mo, W, Cr and V.

Other methods.

Other epoxidizing agent is perisobutyric acid CH3 CH3-CH-C=O OOH obtained from isobutyric aldehyde. The co-product isobutyric acid is esterified and dehydrogenated to methyl metacrylates MMA.

Another process is use hydrogen peroxide to form a peracid in situ, which then epoxidizes the propylene. The co-product organic acid is recycled to be peroxidized again.

CH3–CH=CH2 + H2O2 → CH3-CH-O-CH2 + H2O

Hydrogen peroxide with arsenic compounds in dioxane at 90 °C will react directly with propylene to form propylene oxide. A similar arsenic catalyst with tetracyanoethylene (NC)2C=C(CN)2 and ethyl acetate CH3-CH2-C=O CH3 uses oxygen directly to epoxidize propylene

2 CH3–CH=CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3-CH-O-CH2.

Another two step route to propylene oxide is first propylene oxidized in liquid phase to the diol monoacetate in acetic acid

2 CH3–CH=CH2 + CH3-C=O OH + O2 → CH3-CH-OH CH2-OC=O CH3 + CH3-CH-CH2OHOC=O CH3.

The catalyst for the first step is PdCl2/LiNO3. In the second step the mixed acetates are pyrolyzed to propylene oxide and acetic acid over CH3-C=O OOK / Alundum catalyst and the acetic acid is recycled.

CH3-CH-OH CH2-OC=O CH3 + CH3-CH-CH2OHOC=O CH3 → CH3-CH-O-CH2 + 2 CH3-C=O OH.

The by-product propionaldehyde and acetone can be used.

Uses.

The major uses of propylene oxide are in the production of flexible foams and propylene glycol, while the others are for rigid foams, non-foams, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and isopropylamines.

Proppylene glycol CH3-CH-OH CH2OH is produced by the hydration of propylene oxide which is similar to the production of ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide. The glycol is used as an intermediate for unsaturated polyester resins and for softening of cellophane. Other uses include tobacco humectants, in cosmetics, brake fluids, as plasticizers and as additives.

Dipropylene glycol is consumed in the production of unsaturated polyester resins and plasticizers.

The iso-propylamines are produced and utilizes the same way as the ethanolamines.

Propylene carbonate CH3-CH-CH2-O-O-C=O is produced by the reaction between propylene oxide and carbon dioxide at 200 °C and 80 atm, used as a specialty solvent, as in the Fluor process for removing acid constituents from natural gas.

Allyl alcohol CH2=CH-CH2OH is produced by the isomeriztion of propylene oxide, it is the intermediate in a process for producing glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH from propylene. The reaction is over Li3PO4 catalyst. CH3-CH-O-CH2 → CH2=CH-CH2OH.

The allyl alcohol is epoxidized to glycidol CH3-O-CH-CH2OH, which is hydrolized to glycerol (glycerin) CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH

9.3. ISOPROPANOL, 2-propanol, isopropyl alcohol IPA, CH3-CHOH-CH3

Production.

Iso-propnaol is produced by sulfation of propylene followed by hydrolysis of the propylene sulfates. Another current process is direct-hydration of propylene to iso-propanol.

The Sulfation-Hydrolysis process consists of :

3 CH3–CH=CH2 + H2SO4 → CH3-CH-CH3 OSO3H + CH3-CH-CH3 OSO2O-CH-CH3 CH3.

Both iso-propyl hydrogen sulfate and diisopropyl sulfate are formed with the by-product is diisopropyl-ether CH3-CH-CH3 O CH3-CH-CH 3. The hydrolysis is effected by diluting the acid of the rreaction mixture to under 40 %.

CH3-CH-CH3 OSO3H + CH3-CH-CH3 OSO2O-CH-CH3 CH3 + 3 H2O → CH3-CHOH-CH3 + H2SO4

In the direct hydration process, the process use sulfonated polystyrene cation exchange resin catalyst.

CH3–CH=CH2 + H2O → CH3-CHOH-CH3.

The propylene is in supercritical state. The reactor is a fixed bed and propylene is flowing down a column of catalyst. Another hydrationcatalysts include polytungsten compounds in aqueous solutions and phosphoric acid on a solid carrier in addition to ion exchange resins.

Uses.

Minor uses of iso-propanol are the production of iso-propyl acetate CH3 O=C CH3-OCH-CH3, isopropyl amines, isopropyl xanthate CH3-CH-CH3 OC=S-SNa (a floating agent) and isopropyl myristate

CH3-(CH2)10-C=O O-CH-CH3 CH3 and isopropyl oleat CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-C=O O-CH-CH3 CH3 used in lipstics and lubricants. Isopropanol is also used as an ethanol denaturant, as solvent to concentrate protein, rubbing alcohol, for deicing in drugs and cosmetics and as a general solvent for synthetic resins, shellac, gums, oils and stains.

Acetone is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation or direct oxidation of isopropanol. The catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropanol to acetone over Cu catalyst or brass and zinc oxide ZnO.

CH3-CHOH-CH3 → CH3-C=O CH3 + H2

Direct oxidation with oxygen yields hydrogen peroxide with acetone as a co-product.

CH3-CHOH-CH3 + O2 → H2O2 + CH3-C=O CH3

Oxidation dehydration over Ag or Cu catalyst utilize air as the oxidant,

2 CH3-CHOH-CH3 + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O CH3 + 2 H2O

Acetone is a co-product in the reaction between isopropanol and acrolein CH2=CH-C=O H for production of allyl alcohol CH2=CH-CH2OH over MgO + ZnO catalyst.

CH3-CHOH-CH3 + CH2=CH-C=O H → CH3-C=O CH3 + CH2=CH-CH2OH

Acetone is also produce as a co-product in the production of phenol from cumene, and the by-product of the oxidation of propane and butane. Acetone is now produced directly from propylene using Wacker catalyst system (PdCl2/CuCl2)

2 CH3-CH=CH + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O CH3

Acetone is primarily used as a solvent but it has many synthesis applications, likes synthesis of methyl isobutylketone to produce methyl methacrylate CH2=C-CH3 C=O-OCH3, diacetone alcohol CH3 HO-C-CH3 CH2-C=O-CH3, mesityl oxide CH3 CH3-C=CH-C=O-CH3, phoron CH3 CH3-C=CH-C=O-CH=C-CH3 CH3, ketene CH2=C=O and bisphenol-A HO-[Benzene] CH3-C-CH3 [Benzene]-OH.

Acetone is used in production of dicalcium phosphste CaHPO4 with sulfur dioxide.

CH3-C=O CH3 + SO2 + 2 H2O → CH3 CH3-C-OH SO3- + H3O+

6 CH3 CH3-C-OH SO3H + Ca10(PO4)6F2 + 3 H2O →

6 CaHPO4 + CaF2 + 3 Ca[CH3 CH3-C-OH SO3-]2.H2O

Di-calcium phosphste is an effective fertilizer.

9.4. ACROLEIN CH2=CH-C=O H

Production.

Acrolein is produced by the exothermic catalytic oxidation of propylene with either air or oxygen.

2 CH3-CH=CH + O2 → CH2=CH-C=O H + H2O

Shell and Sohio process are used with the fundamental differences being the source of oxygen and the catalyst. For Shell process the catalyst is CuO, while the Sohio process uses BiO3/MoO3 fixed bed catalyst and air is used as the source of oxygen. The by products are acetaldehyde CH3-C=O H, and acrylic acid CH2=CH-C=O OH. Acrylic acid is made the main product by the addition of a second catalytic reactor that oxidizes the acrolein exothermically to the acid.

2 CH2=CH-C=O H + O2 → 2 CH2=CH-C=O OH

Acrylic acid may be produced by oxidative carbonylation of ethylene with carbon monoxide and oxygen with a Cd2+/Cu2+ catalyst system, while the original method was the carbonylation of acetylene with nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4 in HCl.

4 HC=CH + Ni(CO)4 + 2 HCl + 4 H2O → 4 CH2=CH-C=O H + NiCl2 + H2

Acrylic acid is stripped to acrylic ester by addition of an esterification reactor at the end of the propylene → acrolein → acrylic acid oxidation system, in liquid phase over an ion exchange resin catalyst.

CH2=CH-C=O H + ROH → CH2=CH-C=O OR + H2O

Uses.

Acrolein’s primary use is in the production of acrylic acid which is used to produce acrylic esters, acrylates. These esters can be produced also from formaldehyde and esters CH2=C=O by way of β-propiolactone CH2-CH2O-C=O. The ketene is produced by the high temperature pyrolysis of acetic acid or acetone.

CH2=C=O + H-C=O H → CH2-CH2O-C=O

CH2-CH2O-C=O + ROH acid→ CH2=CH-C=O OR + H2O

The acrylates, especially ethyl acrylate, CH2=CH-C=O OCH2-CH3 are used in latex coatings, textile finishes, thermosetting finishes, leather finishes and many other general polymer and copolymer uses. Another uses of acrolein is to produced glycerol.

9.5. BUTYRALDEHYDES

Production.

n butyraldehyde CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H and isobutyraldehyde CH3 CH3-CH-C=O H are produced by the catalytic hydroformylation of propylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the Oxo-reaction, over the old cobalt compounds or the new rhodium compounds catalyst.

2 CH3-CH2=CH2 + 2 CO + 2 H2 → CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H + CH3 CH3-CH-C=O H

Three advantages of rhodium catalyst are lower reaction temperature, lower pressure and better n- to iso- ratio.

Uses.

The major utiliztion of n-butyraldehyde is to produce n-butanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH.

This hydrogenation can be integrated into the hydroformylation production line and the reaction is over a variety of catalyst. n-butanol is also produced by the fermentation and from acetaldehyde through aldol CH3-CHOH-CH2-C=O H to crotonaldehyde CH3-CH=CH-C=O H which is hydrogenated to n-butanol.

n-butanol is used as a solvent and estractant and to produce solvents, such as butyl-acetate CH3- C=O OCH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 and other butyl esters n-butyl acrylate CH2=CH-C=O OCH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, is usede in production of plastics. It adds tackiness, softness, plasticity, elongation and low water absorption. n-butyraldehyde is also used to produce 2-ethylhexanol 2-EH, CH3-(CH2)3-CH-C2H5 CH2OH through an aldol condensation, dehydration and hydrogenation.

2 CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H → CH3-(CH2)2-CH-OH CH-C2H5-C=O H

CH3-(CH2)2-CH-OH CH-C2H5-C=O H → CH3-(CH2)2-CH=C-C2H5-C=O H + H2O

CH3-(CH2)2-CH=C-C2H5-C=O H + 2 H2 → CH3-(CH2)2-CH2-CH-C2H5- CH2OH

The temperatures are 80 – 130 °C for aldolization step and 100 – 150 °C for the hydrogenation.

2-ethylhexanol is used for the production of di-2-ethylhexylphtalate, a plasticizer for vinyl resins. Other uses include the production of its succinate and acrylates, production of antioxidants, antifoams for water solutions and as a special solvent.

n-butyric acid CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O OH is obtained by the liquid phase oxidation of n-butyraldehyde

2 CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O H + H2O → 2 CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O OH

Its major use is in the production of cellulose acetobutyrate. Other esters of n-butyric acid are used as solvents. Isobutyraldehyde is hydrogenated to iso-butanol, iso-butyl alcohol CH3CH3-CH-CH2OH by conventional hydrogenation process, and to minimize ether formation wter is added.

CH3CH3-CH-C=O H + H2 → CH3CH3-CH-CH2OH

Isobutanol is used as a solvent, an additives in lubricating oils and for the production of amide resins. Isobutanol’s main solvent use in the form of its acetate ester, a lacquer solvent. Isobutyraldehyde is oxidized to isobutyric-acid CH3CH3-CH-C=O OH, which is used to produce esters such as isobutyl isobutyrate CH3CH3-CH-C=O OCH2 CH3-CH-CH3.

Another uses is catalytic oxidation of isobutyraldehyde to acetone and isopropanol, usually over transition metal halides such as CoBr2 and NiBr2.

2 CH3CH3-CH-C=O H + 2 ½ O2 → CH3-C=O CH3 + CH3-CHOH-CH3 + H2O + 2 CO2

Neopentyl glycol HOCH2 CH3-C-CH2OH CH3 is produced by the aldol condensation of isobutyraldehyde with formaldehyde, followed by hydrogenation.

CH3CH3-CH-C=O H + H-C=O H → HOCH2 CH3-C-CH3 C=O H

HOCH2 CH3-C-CH3 C=O H + H2 → HOCH2 CH3-C-CH2OH CH3

Neopentyl glycol is used mainly in the production of saturated and unsaturated polyethers, alkyl and polyurethane resinss, as well as plasticizers and synthetic lubricants, it is stable because of primary alcohol structure.

9.6. ALLYL CHLORIDE CH2=CH-CH2Cl

Production.

Allyl chloride is produced by the high temperature chlorination of propylene.

CH2=CH-CH3 + Cl2 → CH2=CH-CH2Cl + HCl

The major by-products are iso and trans 1,3-dichloropropene CHCl=CH-CH2Cl and 1,2 dichloropropane CH2Cl-CHCl-CH3.

Uses.

Allyl chloride is used in production of glycerol. 1,3 dichloropropenes are used as a pesticides, Telone II. Both cause various problems in humans : irritability, breathing difficulties and personality changes.

9.7. ISOPROPYL ACRYLATE CH2=CH O=C-OCH-CH3 CH3

Production.

Isopropyl acrylate can be produced directly from propylene by reaction with acrylic acid over amberlyst 15 + H+ catalyst.

CH2=CH-CH3 + CH2=CH-C=O OH → CH2=CH O=C-OCH-CH3 CH3

Amberlyst 15 is a macroporous sulfonated polystyrene resin

Uses.

Isopropyl acrylate maybe used as a plasticizing copolymer.

9.8. ISOPROPYL ACETATE IPAC CH3 O=C-OCH-CH3 CH3

Production.

Isopropyl acetate can be produced by a direct catalytic vapor phase reaction between dilute refinery grade propylene and technical grade acetic acid on fixed bed catalyst

CH2=CH-CH3 + CH3-C=O OH → CH3 O=C-OCH-CH3 CH3

Uses.

IPAC is used as a solvent for coatings and painting inks, it is generally interchange with methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl acetate.

9.9. ALLYL ACETATE CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH2

Production.

Allyl acetate is produced by the vapor phase reaction between propylene and acetic acid in the presence of oxygen over Pd/KOAc (on alumina) catalyst.

CH2=CH-CH3 + CH3 -C=O OH O2→ CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH2

Uses.

Allyl acetate is hydroformulated to 4-acetoxybutyraldehyde CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH2-CH2-C=O H, which is hydrogenated to 1,4 butanediol 1,4-BDO CH2OH-CH2-CH2-CH2OH.

1,4-BDO can be produced by propylene-based process involving acrolein or produced from butadiene and from maleic anhydride. 1,4 BDO is use to produce tetrahydrofuran, acetylene chemicals, polyurethanes and PBT (polybutylene terephthalate).

9.10. DISPROPORTIONATION

Olefin disproportionation is a catalytic process by which an olefin is converted into shorter and longer-chain olefins, over Al2O3 supported Mo/Co transition metal compound heterogenous catalyst or alkyl halida homogenous catalyst + AlCl2 cocatalyst.

2 CH2=CH-CH3 ↔ CH2=CH2 + CH3-CH=CH-CH3

9.11. CUMENE Iso propyl benzene C6H5-CH-CH3 CH3

The production of cumene from benzene to propylene alkylation is over H3PO4 on kieselguhr or pumice catalyst

C6H6 + CH3-CH=CH2 H3PO4→ C6H5-CH-CH3 CH3

9.12. THE BUTYLENES

Butylenes and butadiene (C4’s) are byproducts of refinery process and of the production of ethylene. Butylenes is used for chemical synthesis, and less for polymer formation than butadienes. n-butenes are unbranched,straight chain, carbon structure C-C-C-C, while isobutylene has a branched-chain structure C-C-C C, so make an appreciable difference in the type of reaction, rate of reaction and general chemical utilization. Butylene mainly used for alkylation.

9.12.1. N-butenes

There are 3 n-butenes, 1-butene CH3-CH2-CH=CH2, cis 2-butene CH3 H-C=C-H CH3 and trans 2-butene CH3 H-C=C-CH3 H. Both the reaction between 1-butene and 2-butene give the same products, such as hydration to produce secondary butanol. To separate 1-butene (bp -6.3 °C), 2-butene (bps 0.9 and 3.7 °C) and iso butylene (bp -6.6 °C), is by isomerizing with hydrogen the 1-butene to 2-butene, followed b y fractionation. The isomerization process yields two streams, 2-butene and the other of isobutylene. The standard method for separation of C4 olefin is to remove the butadiene by extraction and isobutylene by absorbtion in cold sulfuric acid. The isobutylene polymerizes to di- and tri-isobutylene which go to the gasoline pool. 1-butene is used to produce polybutylene and butylene oxide CH3-CH2-CH-O-CH2, while 1-butene or 2-butene is used to produce secondary butanol CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3, methyl ethyl ketone CH3-C=O CH2-CH3, acetic acid CH3-C=O OH, maleic anhydride O=C-CH-O-CH-C=O, butadiene CH2=CH-CH=CH2.

9.12.2. Sec-butanol, 2-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, SBA CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3

Production.

Sec-butanol is produced by sulfuric acid esterification of the n-butenes followed by hydrolysis of the resulting mixture of sec-butyl hydrogen sulfate and di sec-butyl sulfate.

Sulfation : 3 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + H2SO4 →

CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 OSO3H + CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 OSO2O-CH-CH3 CH2-CH3

Hydrolysis : CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 OSO3H + CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 OSO2O-CH-CH3 CH2-CH3 + 3 H2O →

3 CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3 + H2SO4

The reaction condition are similar with the production of isopropanol from propylene by sulfuric acid esterification process.

Uses.

SBA is mainly converted to methyl ethyl keton MEK CH3-C=O CH2-CH3 by dehydrogenation.

9.12.3. Methyl Ethyl Ketone, 2 butanone CH3-C=O CH2-CH3

Production.

MEK is produced directly from n-butenes by liquid phase Wascher-type process over PdCl2/CuCl2 catalyst, similar to the process used to produce acetaldehyde from ethylene.

2 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3-C=O CH2-CH3

MEK is also produced by the dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol over ZnO or brass (Cu-Zn) catalyst, which is similar to produce acetone from propylene.

CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3 → 2 CH3-C=O CH2-CH3 + H2

MEK is also produced by liquid phase process uses Raney nickel or copper chromite as the dehydrogenation catalyst, and also produced as a by product of the oxidation of butane.

Uses.

MEK is used as a solvent, lubricating oil refining and selectively dissolves the oil from wax. MEK is also used as reaction solvent in one of the terephthalic acid processes. MEK is also used in the synthesis of various compounds, includingmethyl ethyl ketoxime CH3-CH2 CH3-C=N-OH an anti skimming agent, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide CH3-CH2 CH3-C-OH O-O CH3-C-OH -CH2-CH3, a polymerization catalyst, especially for acrylic and polyester polymers, and methyl pentynol CH3-CH2 CH3-C-OH C=CH a corrosion inhibitor.

9.12.4. Acetic Acid, ethanoic acid CH3-C=O OH

Production.

Acetic acid is produced by several commercial processes, including the oxidation of acetaldehyde, the carbonylation of methanol over rhodium promoted by iodine catalyst CH3OH + CO → CH3-C=O OH and the oxidation of butane and other paraffin hydrocarbons. Acetic acid is also produced by direct catalytic oxidation of n-butene over vanadates of Ti, Al, Sn, Sb and Zn catalysts.

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + 2 O2 → 2 CH3-C=O OH

There are another two step process for the oxidation of n-butenes to acetic acid. The n-butenes are esterified with acetic acid to sec-butyl acetate CH3-C=O OCH-CH3 CH2-CH3 over acid exchange resin catalyst, which is then oxidized to three moles of acetic acid.

Esterification CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + CH3-C=O OH → CH3-C=O OCH-CH3 CH2-CH3

Oxidation CH3-C=O OCH-CH3 CH2-CH3 + 2 O2 → 3 CH3-C=O OH

CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + 2 O2 → 2 CH3-C=O OH

Uses.

This synthetic acid is utilized primarily in the form of esters, like to produce vinyl acetate CH3-C=O OCH=CH2 with ethylene, ethyl acetate CH3-C=O OCH2-CH3, butyl acetate CH3-C=O OCH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, and amyl acetate CH3-C=O OCH2-(CH2)3-CH3. Acetic acid is also used to produce acetic anhydride CH3-C=O O-C=O CH3.

Acetic anhydride CH3-C=O O-C=O CH3.

Acetic anhydride may be produced from acetaldehyde, acetone or acetic acid. With both acetone and acetic acid, the initial product is ketene CH2=C=O, which is highly reactive and reacts readily with acetic acid to form acetic anhydride, and the reaction take place over 0.2 – 0.3 TEP (CH3-CH2)3.PO4 catalyst.

CH3-C=O OH → CH2=C=O + H2O

CH2=C=O + CH3-C=O OH → CH3-C=O O-C=O CH3

2 CH3-C=O OH → CH3-C=O O-C=O CH3 + H2O

Acetic anhydride is used to make acetic acid esters for cellulose acetate.

CH3-C=O O-C=O CH3 + ROH → CH3-C=O OR + CH3-C=O OH

9.12.5. Maleic anhydride O=C-CH-O-CH-C=O

Production.

Maleic anhydride is produced by oxidation of butane.

2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 7 O2 → 2 O=C-CH-O-CH-C=O + 8 H2O

It is also produced by oxidation of benzene over V2O5/MoO3 catalyst.

2 C6H6 + 9 O2 → O=C-CH-O-CH-C=O + 4 H2O + 4 CO2

Or oxidation of n-butene and 1-butene over Mo-V-P oxides on silica gel catalyst

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + 3 O2 → O=C-CH-O-CH-C=O + 3 H2O

Uses.

Maleic anhydride is used to modify plastic properties because it readily copolymerizes with various other substances but does not polymers with it self. It is used to modify alkyd resins and drying oils such as linseed, soy and sunflower oils. It is also make malathion (CH3O)2 S=PS-CH-C=O--OCH2-CH3 CH2-C=O OCH2-CH3 an important insecticide and maleic hydrazide

O=C-CH=CH-C≡N =O NH2, a plant growth regulator.

9.12.6. Butylene oxide CH3-CH2-CH-O-CH2

Production.

Butylene oxide is produced from 1-butene by chlorohydrination with hypochlorous acid followed by epoxidation.

Chlorohydrination CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + HOCl → CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH2Cl

Epoxidation 2 CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH2Cl + Ca(OH)2 → 2 CH3-CH2-CH-O-CH2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

It is similar to chlorohydrination process for the production of propylene oxide from propylene.

Uses.

Butylene oxide is hydrolyzed to butylene glycol CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH2OH which is used in the production polymeric plasticizers.

CH3-CH2-CH-O-CH2 + H2O H+→ CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH2OH

1, 2 butylene oxide is a stabilizer for 1, 1, 1 –trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) CH3-CCl3, and other chlorinated solvents. Other uses include applications such as pharmaceuticals, surfactants and agrochemicals.

9.13. ISOBUTYLENE, Isobutene CH3 CH3-C=CH2

Isobutylene is not used extensively as a chemical precursor because many of its derivatives have the reactive tertiary structure CH3 CH3-C-CH3 , which has a tendency to revert to isobutylene. Tert- butyl alcohol CH3 CH3-C-OH CH3 and its derivatives methyl tertiary butyl ether CH3 CH3-C-OCH3 CH3 MTBE and isobutylene oxide CH3 CH3-C-O-CH2 are examples, but alkylation reactions such as the alkylation of p-cresol to 2, 6 – di –tert-butyl- p- cresol CH3 CH3-C-CH3 OH-C6H2-CH3 CH3-C-CH3 CH3 produce stable compounds. Reactions which preserve the carbon-carbon double bond also produce stable compounds. The oxidation of isobutylene to methacrylic acid CH2=C-CH3 C=O OH is an example. Isobutylene dimerizes readily with it self and with other olefins to form higher molecular weight olefins such as diisobutylene CH3 CH3-C-CH3 CH2 CH3-C=CH2 and ‘heptene C7H14’. It also readily with alkylates, benzene and its derivatives. Chemical utilization of isobutylene mainly as butyl rubber and polybutylenes.

9.13.1. Tert-butyl alcohol TBA CH3 CH3-C-OH CH3

Production.

TBA is produced by the sulfation-hydrolysis process, used to produce sec-butanol, from the n-butenes with 50 – 65 % H2SO4.

CH3 CH3-C=CH2 + H2O H+→ CH3 CH3-C-OH CH3

TBA is also produced as a co-product in the tert-butyl epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide. TBA is usually dehydrated to obtain pure isobutylene.

Uses

TBA is used as a solvent and also as a raw material in the production of p-tert butyl phenol CH3 CH3-C-C6H4-OH CH3 which is an intermediate for oil soluble phenol formaldehyde resins. YBA has been proposed as feed stock for methyl methacrylate MMA. TBA is oxidized to methacrolein CH3 CH2=C-C=O H, then it is converted to methacrylic acid CH3 CH2=C-C=O OH which is esterified with methanol to yield methyl methacrylate MMA CH3 CH2=C-C=O OCH3. TBA has a research octane number RON 108 and proposed as a gasoline additive.

9.13.2. Methyl tert-butyl ether CH3 CH3-C-OCH3 CH3.

Production.

MTBE is produced by liquid phase reaction between isobutylene and methanol over sulfonated polystyrene resin catalyst in mild temperature.

CH3 CH3-C=CH2 + CH3OH → CH3 CH3-C-OCH3 CH3.

Actually the feed is a mixed steam cracker product with the butadiene remove. The reaction conditiopn are mild to permit the n-butenes to pass through without ether formation.

Uses.

MTBE is an excellent octane booster. Tert-amylmethyl ether TAME has been proposed as comparable to MTBF. The octane number for MTBE are RON-118 and MON-101, while for TAME are RON-112 and MON-99. TAME is produced from isoamylenes (2 methyl 1 butene and 2 methyl 2 butene).

9.13.3. Isobutylene oxide CH3 CH3-C-O-CH2

Production.

Isobutylene oxide is produced by chlorohydrination of isobutylene followed by epoxidation of the chlorohydrin by reaction with a base. The process is similar to produce butylene oxide and propylene oxide.

The direct non catalytic liquid phase oxidation of isobutylene to isobutylene oxide is :

2 CH3 CH3-C=CH2 + O2 → CH3 CH3-C-O-CH2

With the by-product is isobutylene glycol, isobutylene glycol ester, acetone, tert-butyl alcohol, etc.

Direct catalytic liquid phase oxidation process in an acetic acid-water-tetrahydrofuran solution also has been proposed over Tl(O O=C-CH3)3 catalyst, where at slightly higher temperature the epoxide is hydrolyzed to the glycol.

Uses.

Isobutylene oxide is hydrolyzed to isobutylene glycol in an acid solution.

CH3 CH3-C-O-CH2 + H2O → CH3 CH3-COH-CH2OH

The glycol can be oxidized to α-hydroxyisobutyric acid over 5% Pt/C catalyst at pH 2-7.

CH3 CH3-COH-CH2OH + O2 → CH3 CH3-COH-C=O OH + H2O

The hydroxy acid is readily dehydrated to give methacrylic acid CH3 CH2=C-C=O OH

9.13.4. Isobutylene glycol CH3 CH3-COH-CH2OH

Production.

Isobutylene glycol is synthesized by direct catalytic liquid phase oxidation of isobutylene.

2 CH3 CH3-C=CH2 + O2 + H2O → 2 CH3 CH3-COH-CH2OH

The isobutylene is oxidized by Tl3+ ions to isobutylene glycol. The Tl3+ ions are regenerated from Tl+ ions by a CuCl2/O2 couple (Wacker type process).

TlCl + 2 CuCl2 → TlCl3 + 2 CuCl

4 CuCl + 4 HCl + O2 → 4 CuCl2 + 2 H2O

Coupled with the glycol oxidation to α-hydroxyisobutyric acid a viable route from isobutylene to methacrylic acid is present.

9.13.5. Methacrolein-methacrylic acid MAA CH3 CH2=C-C=O H - CH3 CH2=C-C=O OH

The methyl ester of MAA is a useful vinyl monomer produced by acetone cyanohydrin process.

This process has toxicity problems and a large ammonium sulfate waste stream.

CH3-C=O CH3 + HCN → CH3 CH3-COH-CN

CH3 CH3-COH-CN + H2SO4 → CH3 CH2=C-C=O NH2.H2SO4

CH3 CH2=C-C=O NH2.H2SO4 + CH3OH → CH3 CH2=C-C=O OCH3 + NH4HSO4

Production.

Isobutylene is process directly to methacrylic acid or indirectly to methacrolein as an intermediate. Ammoxidation of isobutylene to methacrylonitrile CH3 CH2=C-CN, in a process similar to produce acrylonitrile from propylene. When nitrogen dioxide NO2 is used as the oxidant, both methacrolein and methacrylonitrile are produced in low yields.

Another viable process is the air oxidation of isobutylene,

CH3 CH2=C-CH3 + O2 → CH3 CH2=C-C=O H + H2O

2 CH3 CH2=C-C=O H + O2 → 2 CH3 CH2=C-C=O OH

This is a two step process because of the different oxidation characteristic of isobutylene and methacrolein. Isobutylene oxidation to methacrolein is over complex molybdenum oxide promoted with overall selected oxides supported on a grain carrier catalyst, while methacrolein oxidation to methacrylic acid is over a supported molybdenum compound with some specific promoter.

Uses.

Methacrylic acid is esterified with methanol to methyl methacrylate MMA CH3 CH2=C-C=O OCH3, to produce polymer cast sheet, molding and extrusion powders and coatings. It polymerizes readily to a homopolymer or various copolymers.

9.14. HEPTENES C7H14.

Production.

Isobutylene and propylene can be dimerized in the presence of phosphoric acid or aluminum chloride to a mixture of heptenes.

Uses.

Heptenes mixtured is hydroformulated, Oxo reaction, then hydrogenated to isooctanol, used to make phthalate plasticizers, similar to those of 2-ethylhexanol.

9.15. DIISOBUTYLENE CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C-CH2 CH3-C=CH2, CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C-CH=C-CH3 CH3

Production.

Diisobutylene is a by-product of isobutylene extraction with sulfuric acid.

2 CH3 CH2=C-CH3 H+→ CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C-CH2 CH3-C=CH2 + CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C-CH=C-CH3 CH3

Diisobutylene as well as heptenes are produced by Dimersol process. This is a selective liquid phase codimeriztion or dimerization of propylene and or butylene cuts. The process is at low pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of soluble catalyst system.

Uses.

Diisobutylene is used to make octylphenol for the production of nonionic detergents. Nonyl alcohols are produced by the Oxo reaction. The nonyl alcohols are used to make plasticizers, etc. Heptenes and diisobutylenes are for octane improvement of gasoline.

9.15.1. Neo-pentanoic acid CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C=O OH

Production.

Neo pentanoic acid is produced by the high pressure addition of carbon monoxide to isobutylene in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce a CO-catalyst olefin complex-an acyl carbonium ion, followed by low pressure hydrolysis.

CH3 CH2=C-CH3 + H+ + CO → [CH3 CH3-C-CH3 CO]+

[CH3 CH3-C-CH3 CO]+ + H2O → CH3 CH3-C-CH3 C=O OH + H+

Uses.

Neo pentanoic acid has very stable ‘neo’ structure. It is used where a very stable acid and esters are required.

9.16. BUTADIENE CH2=CH-CH=CH2

The butadiene production is utilized in direct polymer formation. The polymer distribution is Styrene-Butadiene-rubber (50%), polymer (20%), and other rubbers (10%). The future of butadiene lies with synthetic rubber.

9.16.1. Hexamethylene diamine HMDA H2N-(CH2)6-NH2

Production.

HMDA was initially produced from butadiene by the addition of chlorine at 150 °C followed by cyanation and hydrogenation.

2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2 Cl2 → CH2Cl-CH=CH-CH2Cl + CH2Cl-CHCl-CH=CH2

The 1, 4 addition product predominates but the 1, 2 addition product gives the same 1,4 dinitrile with NaCN (or HCN) over Cu2Cl2 catalyst.

CH2Cl-CH=CH-CH2Cl + 2 NaCN → NC-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CN

The 1, 4 dicyano 2 butene is hydrogenated to adiponitrile NC-(CH2)4-CN over Pd on C catalyst.

NC-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CN + H2 → NC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CN

Adiponitrile can be produced by addition of hydrogen cyanide HCN to butadiene, in two step process,

2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2 HCN → CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CN + CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CN

This first step is over CuMgCrO (+HCl, N2) catalyst, while in the second step HCN reacts with the mononitriles to form to 1, 4 dinitrile over Ni (tolyphosphite)3 + SnCl2 catalyst.

CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CN + CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CN + 2 HCN → 2 NC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CN

Adiponitrile is also produced by electrodimeriztion of acrylonitrile.

Anode H2O – 2e- H+ → 2 CH2=CH-CN Cathode

↓ ↓ +2H+ + 2e-

½ O2 + 2 H+ H+ → NC-(CH2)4-CN

Anolyte Catholyte

Adiponitrile is hydrogenated in the liquid phase to hexamethylene diamine HMDA over Co Catalyst.

NC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CN + 4 H2 → H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2

HMDA is also produced by the reaction between adipic acid HO O=C-(CH2)4-C=O OH and ammonia followed by dehydration.

Uses.

HMDA plus adipic acid polymerize to form nylon-66.

9.16.2. Adipic Acid AA HO O=C-(CH2)4-C=O OH

Production.

It has been proposed to produce adipic acid AA by liquid phase catalytic carbonylation of butadiene over RhCl2 + CH3I promoter catalyst.

CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2 CO + 2 H2O → HO O=C-(CH2)4-C=O OH

Uses.

Adipic acid is used to produce nylon 66. AA also can be used to produced sebacic acid SA,

HO O=C-(CH2)8-C=O OH by a three step electroxidation process.

a. esterification with cation exchange resin of sulfonic acid form catalyst :

HO O=C-(CH2)4-C=O OH + CH3OH → CH3-O O=C-(CH2)4-C=O OH

b. electrolysis

2 CH3-O O=C-(CH2)4-C=O O- -e→ CH3-O O=C-(CH2)8-C=O O-CH3 + 2 CO2

2 H+ + e → H2

c. hydrolysis

CH3-O O=C-(CH2)8-C=O O-CH3 + 2 H2O → HO O=C-(CH2)8-C=O OH + 2 CH3OH

9.16.3. 1,4-butanediol HOCH2-(CH2)2-CH2OH

Production.

The production of 1,4 butanediol is from propylene by way of allyl acetate CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH2,

CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH2 → CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH2-CH2-C=O H → HOCH2-(CH2)2-CH2OH

Butadiene also can serve as a starting material for production 1,4 BDO by a three step process. The first step is the liquid phase acetoxylation of butadiene to 1,4 1,4 diacetoxy- 2 butene over Pd-Te on carbon catalyst,

2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 4 CH3-C=O OH →

CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH-CH2O-C=O CH3 + CH3 O=C-O-CH-CH=CH2 CH2O-C=O CH3

The second step consist of hydrogenation of the 1,4 diacetoxy- 2 butene to 1,4 diacetoxy butane over Ni-Zn on diatomaceous earth catlyst,

CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH=CH-CH2O-C=O CH3 + H2 → CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH2-CH2-CH2O-C=O CH3

The third step is conventional hydrolysis to 1, 4 BDO

CH3 O=C-OCH2-CH2-CH2-CH2O-C=O CH3 + 2 H2O → HOCH2-(CH2)2-CH2OH + 2 CH3-C=O OH

The overall reaction is

CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + H2O → HOCH2-(CH2)2-CH2OH

The production of 1, 4 BDO is also from maleic anhydride.

Uses.

Two main uses of 1, 4 BDO are the production of tetrahydrofuran CH2-CH=O=CH-CH2 and acetylene chemicals. It also goes into the polyurethanes, synthetic rubber, thermoplastic polyester and palsticizer industries.

9.16.4. Sulfolane, tetramethylene sulfone CH2-CH2-SO2-CH2-CH2

Production.

Sulfolane is produced by hydrogenation of sulfolene CH2-CH=SO2=CH-CH2, which is produced from butadiene and sulfur dioxide, CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + SO2 ↔ CH2-CH=SO2=CH-CH2.

This is a n equilibrium reaction with the highest sulfolene concentration at 75 oC. The crystalline sulfolene will decompose to butadiene and sulfur dioxide at 125 oC. Sulfur dioxide will react exclusivelly with butadiene in the presence of butenes. This is a simple method for obtains pure butadiene from a mixture of butadiene and n-butenes. The sulfolene is hydrogenated to the sulfolane by conventional process.

CH2-CH=SO2=CH-CH2 + H2 → CH2-CH2-SO2-CH2-CH2

Uses.

A mixture of sulfolane and diisopropanolamines is used for acid gas removal, especially carbon dioxide, the Sulfinol process. Sulfolane is also used for the extraction of aromatics from petroleum or coke-oven sources. High purity aromatics are produced. High octane number aromatics concentrates for gasoline blending also can be produced by this process.

9.16.5. Chloropene, 2 chloro - 1, 3 butadiene CH2=C-Cl CH=CH2

Chloropene is produced from butadiene by high temperature chlorination followed by isomerization to 3, 4 dichloro – 1 butene CH2=CH-CHCl-CH2Cl, which is dehydrochlorinated to chloropene.

CH2=CH-CHCl-CH2Cl → CH2=C-Cl CH=CH2 + HCl

Conventional synthesis of chloropene is the addition of hydrogen chloride to vinyl acetylene,

CH2=CH-C=CH + HCl → CH2=C-Cl CH=CH2

Uses.

Chloropene is polymerized to give a rubber with excellent resistance to oil, solvents and ozone-cracking.

9.16.6. Dimers

Butadiene can be dimerized by TiCl3/AlCl3 to 1, 3 - cyclooctadienes, CH2-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2and 1, 5 – cyclooctadienes, CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2

The cyclooctadienes are converted into nylon-8 by way of cyclooctanone oxime or by way of suberic acid, HOCH2-(CH2)6-CH2OH. This acid is also used to produce synthetic lubricants. The major use of the 1, 5 – isomer is a the third comonomer in ethylene-propylene rubber.

Butadiene trimer 1, 5, 9 cyclododecatriene is used as a precursor of nylon-12.

==========&&&&&==========

BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE

2008-10-19T20:27:00.000-07:00

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides of various even-numbered[2] alkyl chain lengths. This product is a nitrogenous cationic surface-acting agent belonging to the quaternary ammonium group. It has three main categories of use; as a biocide, a cationic surfactant and phase transfer agent in the chemical industry.

Contents

1 Properties
2 Availability
3 Applications
4 Biological activity
5 Safety
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
9 References

Properties
Benzalkonium chloride is readily soluble in ethanol and acetone. Although dissolution in water is slow, aqueous solutions are easier to handle and are preferred. Solutions should be neutral to slightly alkaline, with colour ranging from clear to a pale yellow. Solutions foam profusely when shaken, have a bitter taste and a faint almond-like odour which is only detectable in concentrated solutions.

Availability
Standard concentrates are manufactured as 50% and 80% w/w solutions, and sold under trade names such as BC50, BC80, BAC50, BAC80, etc. The 50% solution is purely aqueous, while more concentrated solutions require incorporation of rheology modifiers (alcohols, polyethylene glycols, etc.) to prevent increases in viscosity or gel formation under low temperature conditions.

Applications
Applications are extremely wide ranging,[3] from disinfectant formulations to microbial corrosion inhibition in the oilfield sector. It has been considered one of the safest synthetic biocides known and has a long history of efficacious use. It is currently used in human pharmaceuticals such as leave-on skin antiseptics, hygienic towelettes, and wet wipes. Ethanol-free benzalkonium solutions are often used for skin disinfection prior to withdrawing blood for blood alcohol content tests. Its use as a preservative in cosmetics such as eye and nasal drops attests to its general safety; however, there have been reports of allergy associated with continuous, long-term use in sensitive users, especially on mucous membranes.

Biological activity
The greatest biocidal activity is associated with the C12-C14 alkyl derivatives. The mechanism of bactericidal/microbicidal action is thought to be due to disruption of intermolecular interactions. This can cause dissociation of cellular membrane bilayers, which compromises cellular permeability controls and induces leakage of cellular contents. Other biomolecular complexes within the bacterial cell can also undergo dissociation. Enzymes, which finely control a plethora of respiratory and metabolic cellular activities, are particularly susceptible to deactivation. Critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in such highly specific biochemical systems can be readily disrupted by cationic surfactants.
Benzalkonium chloride solutions are rapidly acting biocidal agents with a moderately long duration of action. They are active against bacteria and some viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Bacterial spores are considered to be resistant. Solutions are bacteriostatic or bactericidal according to their concentration. Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible than Gram-negative. Activity is not greatly affected by pH, but increases substantially at higher temperatures and prolonged exposure times.
Newer formulations using benzalkonium blended with various quaternary ammonium derivatives can be used to extend the biocidal spectrum and enhance the efficacy of benzalkonium based disinfection products. This technique has been used to improve virucidal activity of quaternary ammonium-based formulations to healthcare infection hazards such as hepatitis, HIV, etc. Quaternary ammonium formulations are now the disinfectants of choice for hospitals. This is on account of user and patient safety even on contact with treated surfaces and the absence of harmful fumes. Benzalkonium solutions for hospital use tend to be neutral to alkaline, non-corrosive on metal surfaces, non-staining and safe to use on all washable surfaces.
The use of appropriate supporting excipients can also greatly improve efficacy and detergency, and prevent deactivation under use conditions. Formulation requires great care as benzalkonium solutions can be readily inactivated in the presence of organic and inorganic contamination. Solutions are incompatible with soaps, and must not be mixed with anionic surfactants. Hard water salts can also reduce biocidal activity. As with any disinfectant, it is recommended that surfaces are free from visible dirt and interfering materials for maximal disinfection performance by quaternary ammonium products.
Although hazardous levels are not likely to be reached under normal use conditions, it is important to remember that benzalkonium and other detergents can pose a hazard to marine organisms. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants are effective at very low ppm levels, so it is important to avoid excess in use. Responsible care ensures that the fragile marine ecosystems that sustain us are not disrupted.
Safety
Benzalkonium chloride is an allergen[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and several studies have cast doubt on its reputation for safety.[11][12]
Some products have been reformulated in light of this research, but it is still widely used in eyewashes, hand and face washes, mouthwashes, spermicidal creams, and in various other cleaners, sanitizers, and disinfectants. Manufacturers of over-the-counter artificial tears and eye washes became concerned about chemical sensitivity from long-term daily use and have in some products substituted EDTA as a preservative. Some have added "for sensitive eyes" to labeling. There has also been concern that long-term use of benzalkonium as a preservative in nose sprays may cause swelling of mucosa and lead to rhinitis medicamentosa. Some manufacturers have put 3-day limits on safe use of such nose sprays.
A disinfectant containing benzalkonium chloride and the related compound didecyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) has been identified as the most probable cause of birth defects and fertility problems in caged mice.[13]

References
1.^ a b c Record of Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C8–18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides in the European chemical Substances Information System ESIS
2.^ US EPA: Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ADBAC)
3.^ quatchem.co.uk
4.^ Park HJ, Kang HA, Lee JY, Kim HO (2000). "Allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in an antifungal solution". Contact Derm. 42 (5): 306–7. PMID 10789868.
5.^ Liu H, Routley I, Teichmann KD (2001). "Toxic endothelial cell destruction from intraocular benzalkonium chloride". J Cataract Refract Surg 27 (11): 1746–50. doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(01)01067-7. PMID 11709246.
6.^ Chiambaretta F, Pouliquen P, Rigal D (1997). "[Allergy and preservatives. Apropos of 3 cases of allergy to benzalkonium chloride]" (in French). J Fr Ophtalmol 20 (1): 8–16. PMID 9099278.
7.^ Wong DA, Watson AB (2001). "Allergic contact dermatitis due to benzalkonium chloride in plaster of Paris". Australas. J. Dermatol. 42 (1): 33–5. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2001.00469.x. PMID 11233718.
8.^ Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T (2000). "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride". Contact Derm. 42 (6): 357–8. PMID 10871106.
9.^ Oiso N, Fukai K, Ishii M (2005). "Irritant contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in shampoo". Contact Derm. 52 (1): 54. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.0483j.x. PMID 15701139.

MST
Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride

OXYGEN CLEANERS, Sodium Percarbonate

2008-09-21T18:36:00.000-07:00

The Benefits Of Oxygen Cleaners

By CP Editorial Staff
Email the CP editors
________________________________________
For years, building service contractors have relied on traditional butyl-based chemicals. While effective, these products could also damage surfaces and be detrimental to worker health when used improperly. Some BSCs are looking to alternative cleaners such as oxygen-based products to provide a safer work environment.

One type of oxygen cleaner is an oxygen-based bleach cleaner that uses sodium percarbonate as its main ingredient. However, the more common oxygen cleaners in today’s market are hydrogen peroxide-based.
Hydrogen peroxide molecules are comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen. Surfactants and orange oil are added to the hydrogen peroxide to help it penetrate the surface and reach the embedded soil. When the cleaner comes into contact with the soil, the hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen to boost the cleaning power of the surfactants. The only by-products of the reaction between the cleaner and the stain are oxygen and water. Little to no residue, which can lead to re-soiling, is left on the surface.

Hydrogen-peroxide cleaners are designed to remove proteins and other stains and soil of organic nature. They work well on dried tannin stains, such as coffee, red wine and cola. Diluting the product to either a heavy-duty cleaner or light-duty cleaner should address the majority of general cleaning needs in a facility. The cleaners are effective on both porous and non-porous surfaces including marble, stone, wood laminate, white boards, desktops, tile, grout, plexi-glass, glass, carpet, leather and porcelain.
Oxygen cleaners deodorize the surface in addition to cleaning it because the hydrogen peroxide actually destroys the organic source of odors.

However, it is important to note that oxygen-based products will not clean everything. They do not work on mineral or petroleum-based soils and stains such as oil and gum.

Since oxygen cleaners can be used on a variety of surfaces and for a number of stains, BSCs don’t need to stock a multitude of products and can reduce the possibility for error. If a chemical is misused on a surface, or even used correctly on the wrong surface, it can cause serious damage. Fewer products will create less confusion for employees.

Oxygen cleaners are also safer for employees and the environment. They contain low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and are non-irritants to skin. If a worker accidentally spills or sprays the product on himself, it will not cause serious injuries.

BENTONITE

2008-08-26T00:43:00.000-07:00

SODIUM BENTONITE

Sodium bentonite expands when wet, possibly absorbing several times its dry mass in water. It is mostly used in drilling mud for oil and gas wells and for geotechnical and environmental investigations.

The property of swelling also makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant, especially for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel [1] [2] and for quarantining metal pollutants of groundwater. Similar uses include making slurry walls, waterproofing of below-grade walls and forming other impermeable barriers (e.g. to plug old wells or as a liner in the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate into the soil).

CALCIUM BENTONITE

The non-swelling calcium bentonite is sold within the alternative health market for its purported cleansing properties. It is usually combined with water and ingested, often as part of a detox diet, [3] in a practice known as geophagy. It is claimed that the microscopic structure of the bentonite draws impurities into it from the digestive system, which are then excreted along with the bentonite; no scientific studies exist to support these claims. There are claims that native tribes in South America, Africa and Australia have long used bentonite clay for this purpose. [4]

Calcium bentonite may be converted to sodium bentonite and exhibit sodium bentonite's properties by a process known as "ion exchange". Commonly this means adding 5-10% of sodium carbonate to wet bentonite, mixing well, and allowing time for the ion exchange to take place.

Pascalite is another commercial name for the calcium bentonite clay.

USES for BOTH TYPES

Much of bentonite's usefulness in the drilling and geotechnical engineering industry comes from its unique rheological properties. Relatively small quantities of bentonite suspended in water form a viscous, shear thinning material. Most often, bentonite suspensions are also thixotropic, although rare cases of rheopectic behavior have also been reported. At high enough concentrations (~60 grams of bentonite per litre of suspension), bentonite suspensions begin to take on the characteristics of a gel (a fluid with a minimum yield strength required to make it move). For these reasons it is a common component of drilling mud used to curtail drilling fluid invasion by its propensity for aiding in the formation of mud cake.

Bentonite can be used in cement, adhesives, ceramic bodies, cosmetics and cat litter. Fuller's earth, an ancient dry cleaning substance, is finely ground bentonite, typically used for purifying transformer oil. Bentonite, in small percentages, is used as an ingredient in commercially designed clay bodies and ceramic glazes. Bentonite clay is also used in pyrotechnics to make end plugs and rocket nozzles, and can also be used as a therapeutic face pack for the treatment of acne/oily skin.

The ionic surface of bentonite has a useful property in making a sticky coating on sand grains. When a small proportion of finely ground bentonite clay is added to hard sand and wetted, the clay binds the sand particles into a moldable aggregate known as green sand used for making molds in sand casting. Some river deltas naturally deposit just such a blend of such clay silt and sand, creating a natural source of excellent molding sand that was critical to ancient metalworking technology. Modern chemical processes to modify the ionic surface of bentonite greatly intensify this stickiness, resulting in remarkably dough-like yet strong casting sand mixes that stand up to molten metal temperatures.

The same effluvial deposition of bentonite clay onto beaches accounts for the variety of plasticity of sand from place to place for building sand castles. Beach sand consisting of only silica and shell grains does not mold well compared to grains coated with bentonite clay. This is why some beaches are so much better for building sand castles than others.

The self-stickiness of bentonite allows high-pressure ramming or pressing of the clay in molds to produce hard, refractory shapes, such as model rocket nozzles. Indeed, to test whether a particular brand of cat litter is bentonite, simply ram a sample with a hammer into a sturdy tube with a close-fitting rod; bentonite will form a very hard, consolidated plug that is not easily crumbled.

Bentonite also has the interesting property of adsorbing relatively large amounts of protein molecules from aqueous solutions. It is therefore uniquely useful in the process of winemaking, where it is used to remove excessive amounts of protein from white wines. Were it not for this use of bentonite, many or most white wines would precipitate undesirable flocculent clouds or hazes upon exposure to warmer temperatures, as these proteins denature. It also has the incidental use of inducing more rapid clarification of both red and white wines.

History and natural occurrence

In 2005, U.S. was the top producer of bentonite with almost one-third world share followed by China and Greece, reports the British Geological Survey.

The absorbent clay was given the name bentonite by an American geologist sometime after its discovery in about 1890 — after the Benton Formation (a geological stratum, at one time Fort Benton) in Montana's Rock Creek area. Other modern discoveries include montmorillonite discovered in 1847 in Montmorillon in the Vienne prefecture of France, in Poitou-Charentes, South of the Loire Valley.

Most high grade commercial sodium bentonite mined in the United States comes from the area between the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming. Sodium bentonite is also mined in the southwestern United States, in Greece and in other regions of the world. Calcium bentonite is mined in the Great Plains, Central Mountains and south eastern regions of the United States. Supposedly the world's largest current reserve of bentonite is Chongzuo in China's Guangxi province.[citation needed]

It should be noted that in some countries like the UK, calcium bentonite is known as fuller's earth, a term which is also used to refer attapulgite, a mineralogically distinct clay mineral but exhibiting similar properties.

Early Americans found bentonite vital to their lives. Pioneers found moistened bentonite to be an ideal lubricant for squeaky wagon wheels. The mixture was also used as a sealant for log cabin roofing. The Indians found bentonite useful as a soap.

Small amounts of Wyoming bentonite were first commercially mined and developed in the Rock River area during the 1880s. Newer, more substantial deposits were discovered in other parts of Wyoming during the 1920s and the first processing plant in Wyoming was built during this period. Since that time many other processing plants have been built for the purpose of processing Wyoming sodium bentonite. Wyoming's Bentonite industry produced over 4.0 million tons of bentonite in 1999, with 644 mine and mill employees, and 240 contractor employees.

Wyoming bentonite is composed essentially of montmorillonite clay, also known as hydrous silicate of alumina. In more simplistic terms, the structure of bentonite is much like a sandwiched deck of cards. When placed in water, these cards or clay platelets shift apart. Bentonite attracts water to its negative face and magnetically holds the water in place. because of this unique characteristic, Wyoming bentonite is capable of absorbing 7 to 10 times its own weight in water, and swelling up to 18 times its dry volume.

Exploration for new bentonite beds is normally accomplished with auger bit drilling. Once the auger drill stem reaches the soft bentonite it sinks very rapidly, which indicates to the driller that bentonite has been found. The auger flights are then withdrawn and the "sticky" bentonite is sampled from the flights for quality analysis. Bentonite is mined by surface "open pit" methods. Various types of heavy equipment including bull dozers and rubber-tired scrapers are used to remove the shale rock overlying the bentonite.

Topsoil, as well as the underlying material, is carefully removed and stockpiled. These "overburden" materials as they are called will be placed back and reseeded once the bentonite has been removed. The bentonite which is exposed during this process can be as little as 1 1/2 feet or as much as 10 feet thick. This is the material which is mined and processed.

Many bentonite manufactures prefer to "field dry" the exposed bentonite prior to hauling it to the processing plants. This is accomplished by plowing and discing while taking advantage of the low humidity and sunny days to dry the bentonite prior to its removal. The moisture level prior to "field drying" can exceed 30%. This process will normally extract 15 to 20% of the moisture from the clay prior to hauling.

Upon arrival at the processing plants, the bentonite is placed into designated stockpiles and carried into the plant with front-end loaders. The bentonite is then dried in a long cylinder called a rotary dryer where approximately 10 to 15% of the moisture is removed. Natural gas or coal are used primarily as fuels for drying. The finished product has moisture content of 7 to 10%.

Once delivered from the rotary dryer, the bentonite is processed into either a fine powder or granulated into a small particle or flake. Packaging of the product is the last process to be undertaken. Granular bentonite is a major constituent of "scoopable" cat litter. Bentonite can be packaged in 50 lb., 100 lb. or up to 4,000 lb. super sacks. After the packaging process takes place, the bentonite is shipped either by truck or rail to the consumer. Another form of packaging is to ship direct in bulk pneumatic trucks or rail cars to the consumer.

WELL DRILLING

Drilling mud, or drilling gel, is a major component in the well drilling process. Drilling mud is crucial in the extraction of drill cuttings during the drilling process. Bentonite, when mixed with water, forms a fluid (or slurry) that is pumped through the drill stem, and out through the drill bit. The bentonite extracts the drill cuttings from around the bit, which are then floated to the surface. The drilling mud, or gel, also serves to cool and lubricate the drill bit as well as seal the drill hole against seepage and to prevent wall cave-ins

TACONITE PELLETIZING

Taconite, a low grade iron ore, has been developed as an economic source for iron. During processing, the taconite is ground into a very fine powder. The ground taconite is then mixed with small amounts of bentonite which serves as a binder to the taconite. This mixture is processed into balls or pellets. The process is finished when these pellets are sintered in rotary kilns that give the pellets a hard surface. The taconite pellets are easy to handle at this point and can be loaded into various containers for shipment to steel mills.

METAL CASTING

Bentonite serves as an economical bonding material in the molding processes associated with the metal casting industry. Bentonite, when mixed with foundry molding sands, forms a pliable bond with the sand granules. Impressions are formed into the face of the bentonite/sand mixtures. Molten metal is pored into the impressions at temperatures exceeding 2,800 F. The unique bonding characteristics of bentonite insures the durability of the mold during these high temperatures. Once the process is complete, the bentonite/sand mold can then be broken away from the casting face and reused.

CAT LITTER

In recent years, bentonite has become a major component in the manufacturing of cat litter. Because of the unique water absorption, swelling, and odor controlling characteristics of bentonite, it is ideal for use in "clumping" types of cat litters. Clumping cat litter has become widely accepted as an economical alternative to conventional non-clumping type cat litters. Because bentonite forms clumps when wet, the clumps can easily be removed and disposed of. The remainder of the unused material stays intact and can continue to be used. clumping cat box litters will last longer with less frequency of changing.

ANIMAL/POUTRY FEEDS

For many years bentonite has been used as a binder in the feed pelletizing industry. Small amounts of bentonite can be added to feed products to insure tougher, more durable pellets. By absorbing excess moisture and oils, bentonite aids in the free movement of pellets, preventing lumping and caking. Research has been conducted which indicates that bentonite has additional benefits for both animals and poultry. The bentonite used in the feed slows the digestive system and enables the animal or fowl to better utilize the feed nutrients. Other studies have shown bentonite as a useful ingredient in the control of certain toxins which affect animals and fowl.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Bentonite has also proved helpful in sealing freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, sewage and industrial water lagoons, and in grouting permeable ground. In addition, it has been used in detergents, fungicides, sprays, cleansers, polishes, ceramic, paper, cosmetics and applications where its unique bonding, suspending or gellant properties are required.

Normal Drilling Mud Properties

ELEMENT
PRECENTAGE

SiO2
66.9%

Al2O3
16.3%

H2O (Crystal)
6.0%

Fe2O3
3.3%

Na2O
2.6%

CaO
1.8%

MgO
1.5%

K2O
0.48%

TiO2
0.12%

Source: Black Hills Bentonite, LLC.
Bentonite Mining Operations by Area

Bentonite

What is Bentonite?
The term Bentonite was first used for a clay found in about 1890 in upper cretaceous tuff near Fort Benton, Wyoming. The main constituent, which is the determinant factor in the clay's properties, is the clay mineral montmorillonite. This in turn, derives its name from a deposit at Montmorillon, in Southern France.

Bentonite is a clay generated frequently from the alteration of volcanic ash, consisting predominantly of smectite minerals, usually montmorillonite. Other smectite group minerals include hectorite, saponite, beidelite and nontronite. Smectites are clay minerals, i.e. they consist of individual crystallites the majority of which are <2µm in largest dimension. Smectite crystallites themselves are three-layer clay minerals. They consist of two tetrahedral layers and one octahedral layer. In montmorillonite tetrahedral layers consisting of [SiO4] - tetrahedrons enclose the [M(O5,OH)]-octahedron layer (M = and mainly Al, Mg, but Fe is also often found). The silicate layers have a slight negative charge that is compensated by exchangeable ions in the intercrystallite region. The charge is so weak that the cations (in natural form, predominantly Ca2+, Mg2+ or Na+ ions) can be adsorbed in this region with their hydrate shell. The extent of hydration produces intercrystalline swelling. Depending on the nature of their genesis, bentonites contain a variety of accessory minerals in addition to montmorillonite. These minerals may include quartz, feldspar, calcite and gypsum. The presence of these minerals can impact the industrial value of a deposit, reducing or increasing its value depending on the application. Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties and its volume increases several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous and viscous fluid. The special properties of bentonite (hydration, swelling, water absorption, viscosity, thixotropy) make it a valuable material for a wide range of uses and applications.

Bentonite deposits are normally exploited by quarrying. Extracted bentonite is distinctly solid, even with a moisture content of approximately 30%. The material is initially crushed and, if necessary, activated with the addition of soda ash (Na2CO3). Bentonite is subsequently dried (air and/or forced drying) to reach a moisture content of approximately 15%. According to the final application, bentonite is either sieved (granular form) or milled (into powder and super fine powder form). For special applications, bentonite is purified by removing the associated gangue minerals, or treated with acids to produce acid-activated bentonite (bleaching earths), or treated with organics to produce organoclays.

Foundry: Bentonite is used as a bonding material in the preparation of molding sand for the production of iron, steel and non-ferrous casting. The unique properties of bentonite yield green sand moulds with good flowability, compactability and thermal stability for the production of high quality castings.

Cat Litter: Bentonite is used for cat litter, due to its advantage of absorbing refuse by forming clumps (which can be easily removed) leaving the remaining product intact for further use.

Pelletizing: Bentonite is used as a binding agent in the production of iron ore pellets. Through this process, iron ore fines are converted into spherical pellets, suitable as feed material in blast furnaces for pig iron production, or in the production of direct reduction iron (DRI).

Construction and Civil Engineering: Bentonite in civil engineering applications is used traditionally as a thixotropic, support and lubricant agent in diaphragm walls and foundations, in tunnelling, in horizontal directional drilling and pipe jacking. Bentonite, due to its viscosity and plasticity, also is used in Portland cement and mortars.

Environmental Markets: Bentonite's adsorption/absorption properties are very useful for wastewater purification. Common environmental directives recommend low permeability soils, which naturally should contain bentonite, as a sealing material in the construction and rehabilitation of landfills to ensure the protection of groundwater from the pollutants. Bentonite is the active protective layer of geosynthetic clay liners.

Drilling: Another conventional use of bentonite is as a mud constituent for oil and water well drilling. Its roles are mainly to seal the borehole walls, to remove drill cuttings and to lubricate the cutting head.

Oils/Food Markets: Bentonite is utilized in the removal of impurities in oils where its adsorptive properties are crucial in the processing of edible oils and fats (Soya/palm/canola oil). In drinks such as beer, wine and mineral water, and in products like sugar or honey, bentonite is used as a clarification agent.

Agriculture: Bentonite is used as an animal feed supplement, as a pelletizing aid in the production of animal feed pellets, as well as a flowability aid for unconsolidated feed ingredients such as soy meal. It also is used as an ion exchanger for improvement and conditioning of the soil. When thermally treated, it can be used as a porous ceramic carrier for various herbicides and pesticides.

Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Medical Markets: Bentonite is used as filler in pharmaceuticals, and due to its absorption/adsorption functions, it allows paste formation. Such applications include industrial protective creams, calamine lotion, wet compresses, and antiirritants for eczema. In medicine, bentonite is used as an antidote in heavy metal poisoning. Personal care products such as mud packs, sunburn paint, baby and facepowders, and face creams may all contain bentonite.

Detergents: Laundry detergents and liquid hand cleansers/soaps rely on the inclusion of bentonite, in order to remove the impurities in solvents and to soften the fabrics.

Paints, Dyes and Polishes: Due to its thixotropic properties, bentonite and organoclays function as a thickening and/or suspension agent in varnishes, and in water and solvent paints. Its adsorption properties are appreciated for the finishing of indigo dying cloth, and in dyes (lacquers for paints & wallpapers).

Paper: Bentonite is crucial to paper making, where it is used in pitch control, i.e. absorption of wood resins that tend to obstruct the machines and to improve the efficiency of conversion of pulp into paper as well as to improve the quality of the paper. Bentonite also offers useful de-inking properties for paper recycling. In addition, acid-activated bentonite is used as the active component in the manufacture of carbonless copy paper.

Catalyst: Chemically-modified clay catalysts find application in a diverse range of duties where acid catalysis is a key mechanism. Most particularly, they are employed in the alkylation processes to produce fuel additives.

Succes for You All,

Michael S. Thang

Shell's Omega MEG process kicks off in South Korea

2008-08-19T21:46:00.000-07:00

12 August 2008 00:00 [Source: ICB]

The first full-scale plant using Shell's catalytic MEG process has just come on stream. One ICIS reporter investigates what the technology offers

THE "HOLY Grail" for a process engineer could be the development of a technology that converts all the raw materials to the desired end product with the minimum theoretical energy consumption, no emissions and the lowest capital cost.

While this may be a fantastic but vain hope, in the highly competitive petrochemical industry, particularly with today's high feedstock and energy costs, just a few percentage points of improvement in process performance can push a technology into a leadership position.

In the case of monoethylene glycol (MEG) technology, the holy grail could be the complete conversion of ethylene oxide (EO) to MEG without any production of the higher glycols such as diethylene glycol (DEG). However, this near-impossible goal did not stop researchers at Japan's Mitsubishi Chemical developing a catalytic process that converts practically all the EO into MEG.

Shell Global Solutions, the oil major's global consulting arm, has integrated Mitsubishi's MEG process with its own EO technology to offer the OMEGA process. The first plant incorporating the integrated process is now operating in South Korea, with a second unit in Saudi Arabia due to start up in the next few months.

Piet van den Berg, licensing manager, Shell EO/EG (ethylene glycol) processes, explains: "The global MEG market is growing at 6-7%/year, driven by polyester fiber demand in Asia and demand for PET [polyethylene terephthalate] packaging resin. However, there has been a mismatch of demand, with the DEG market growing at less than 6%/year and so the trend has been to maximize the yield of MEG."

Van den Berg adds that there are two areas where MEG yields can be maximized: improving EO selectivity and MEG selectivity.

EO is produced by the direct oxidation of ethylene, with high purity oxygen over a catalyst containing silver at temperatures of about 230-270°C (440-518°F). A side reaction competing with the main reaction forms carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. This reaction is suppressed using an ethyl chloride moderator. The CO2 is recovered and removed from the process.

In the early 1960s, when today's conventional technology was first being commercialized, EO selectivity was around 65%, with the main by-product being CO2. With the latest catalysts, van den Berg notes that EO selectivity is now approaching 90%.

In the EO to EG step, excess water is used to increase the selectivity to MEG. In the conventional process, the EO-water mixture is heated to around 200°C and the reaction takes place in the aqueous phase under pressure. MEG is produced along with DEG, triethylene glycol (TEG) and other glycols.

The proportion of the higher glycols can be controlled using excess water to minimize the reaction between the EO and glycols, and the water:EO ratio is critical in determining the volumes of higher glycols produced. In Shell's conventional process, a MEG selectivity of 90% is achieved with a H2O:EO ratio (wt/wt) of 9:1. The water-glycol mixture from the reactor is fed to multiple evaporators where the water is recovered and recycled. The water-free glycol mixture is separated by distillation into the MEG and the higher glycols. This operation consumes a lot of energy and requires purification, storage and handling equipment for the by-products.

In the past 10 years, the main EG licensors, which include Shell, have carried out research in using ion exchange resins to enhance the MEG selectivity. According to van den Berg, these resins can achieve a selectivity of 95% and above, but there is still a need for excess water of a H2O:EO ratio (wt/wt) of 6:1.

TWO-STEP PROCESS

However, Mitsubishi Chemical took a different approach, which involved the use of a catalyst and water:EO ratio approaching stoichiometric levels. This conversion is carried out in two reaction steps in order to achieve a high selectivity to MEG.

The first step in the process is the reaction of EO with dissolved CO2 to produce ethylene carbonate (EC). The CO2 is obtained from the CO2 produced and recovered in the EO plant. However, at start-up, the CO2 is supplied from a liquid storage tank. The second step is the reaction of EC with water, present in slight excess, to form MEG. In this reaction, the CO2 consumed in the first reaction is released and recycled back to the EC reactor, resulting in no overall CO2 consumption.

The EC reaction is exothermic (24 kcal/gmole) and the EC hydrolysis reaction slightly endothermic (-2 kcal/gmole). Both take place in the liquid phase using a set of homogeneous catalysts such as phosphonium halide.

The mixture from the EC hydrolysis reactors is fed to a glycol dehydrator to remove the water. The glycol stream containing the catalyst is then sent to the separation section at the bottom of the MEG purification column.

The catalyst solution is recycled back to the EC reactor. A small bleed is taken from the catalyst recycle stream to limit the build-up of heavy components and fresh catalyst can be added. The MEG is flashed off and sent to the top section of the purification column, where the finished MEG is recovered. A stream of heavy glycols, mainly DEG, is separated and sent to storage for further processing.

From 1995, Mitsubishi spent six years of process research and development taking the technology from bench scale to a pilot plant and then to a semi-commercial unit. It first tested the process in a 1,000 tonne/year pilot plant and then built a 15,000 tonne/year demonstration plant to scale up the technology. The MEG produced was tested in a third-party PET plant to check it was fully compatible with MEG from a conventional process.

Shell Global Solutions acquired the Mitsubishi technology in 2002 and became its exclusive licensor. The two firms then carried out a joint design exercise to integrate the Mitsubishi MEG technology with the Shell EO process and to solve scale-up problems with the reactors and separators. Risk, health and safety assessments were also performed.

Van den Berg claims that the selectivity of EO to MEG for the Shell OMEGA process is 99.3-99.5% and it can produce up to 1.95 tonnes of MEG from 1 tonne of ethylene. This conversion compares to 1.53-1.70 tonnes produced by Shell's conventional process, depending on the EO catalyst used.

The OMEGA process is also claimed to have 10% lower capital costs than a conventional process of equal MEG capacity. Much of the savings are due to the elimination of the need to treat the by-products and waste water. Steam consumption is 20% lower, while 30% less waste water is produced.

Since 2004, Shell has sold five licences. The first commercial plant, with a capacity of 400,000 tonnes/year, using the OMEGA process was started up in Daesan, South Korea, for Lotte Daesan Petrochemical in May 2008. The project was implemented in only 29 months, notes Arthur Rots, Shell's EO/EG design group leader. From a kickoff meeting in January 2006, the basic design package was produced by July 2006. South Korea's Samsung Engineering was responsible for the engineering, procurement and construction phase, with mechanical completion in March 2008. Start-up was achieved on May 21, and the guarantee test runs completed on June 1.

The second OMEGA plant, with a MEG capacity of 600,000 tonnes/year, to be operated by PetroRabigh, a joint venture of Saudi oil company Saudi Aramco and Japan's Sumitomo Chemical, in Saudi Arabia, is due to be completed in late 2008. Shell will employ the process in its own 750,000 tonne/year plant in Singapore due for start-up in early 2010.

US ethylene poised to trend downwards

2008-08-19T21:37:00.000-07:00

August 2008 21:02 [Source: ICIS news]

By Stephen Burns

HOUSTON (ICIS news)--Buyers were already marshalling their arguments for a cut of 5 cents/lb or more in US Gulf August ethylene contracts as supply loosens amid soft demand and tumbling spot prices, sources said on Friday.

A fall in the August contract would be only the second decline since a steep climb began in April 2007, and it could mark the sea change that buyers have been hoping would come from the month-long reversal of crude oil's earlier rally.

In an unusual double-month settlement, US Gulf net contracts for June were finalised last week with a 5 cent/lb ($110/tonne or €72/tonne) increase to 70.5 cents/lb.

A contemporaneous agreement was reached for an increase of 4 cents/lb for July, according to data from global chemical market intelligence service ICIS pricing

Including the July increase, the net contract price at 74.5 cents/lb has now soared 89% from the April 2007 low, with a 3 cent/lb drop in February this year as the only blip in the upward trend.

Buyers pointed to improved margins and high operating rates for the loosening of supply, as well as a relatively smooth record of cracker operations.

The arrival of the relatively mild Tropical Storm Edouard near Houston on Tuesday did not dent that track record.

Only minor issues surfaced, such as a power outage that lasted less than two hours at the 200,000 tonne/year Port Neches plant in Texas operated by Huntsman.

The change in ethylene market sentiment has manifested most clearly in the spot market's deep discount to contract values.

August material moved down from a deal at 52.75 cents/lb at the start of the week to 49 cents/lb done on Wednesday, with current price ideas around 47 cents/lb. One buyer expected 45 cents/lb to be traded soon.

Downstream, sources said some polyethylene (PE) producers were quietly postponing their proposed August price hikes as monomer values sank.

However, future price indications give ethylene sellers some room for hope that the slide might not gather too much momentum. The fall in the prompt spot market has flattened the backwardation in the forward curve, with December price ideas notionally at 46.25 cents/lb, according to one broker.

That 0.75 cent/lb gap to prompt material is narrower than the 1.25 cents/lb gap seen at the end of last week.

Producers’ arguments in favour of at least maintaining contract prices are also being undermined by the slump in ethane, the dominant feedstock for US Gulf crackers.

Ethane values peaked alongside crude at around $1.50/gal in early July but have since declined by around a third and were only just above $1.00/gal as the week drew to a close.

That is even sharper than the 21% decline in NYMEX crude oil futures since the 11 July peak at $147.27/bbl.

Still, Tropical Storm Edouard - which had not even entered market consciousness two just days before it set off a hurricane alert in Houston - underscored the potential for the rosy supply picture to change.

In September 2007, another pop-up storm rapidly developed into Hurricane Humberto. That storm made landfall in east Texas and caused extended stoppages at three crackers as well as three refineries, giving an upward bump to ethylene prices.

The official hurricane season runs until 30 November.

(Additional reporting by David Barry)

($1 = €0.65)

For more on ethylene visit ICIS chemical intelligence
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Asia Price rises, Euro Drop to Fan Eurozone Inflation

2008-08-14T20:04:00.000-07:00

Asia price rises,euro drop to fan eurozone inflation

Thu Aug 14 18:46:36 PDT 2008

By Marc Jones

FRANKFURT, August 14 (Reuters) - Inflation-fighting European central bankers may be rejoicing at the 20 percent drop in oil prices, but a combination of soaring Asian prices and a recent sharp fall in the euro threatens to spoil the party.

A 7.5 percent drop in the euro against the dollar over the last month is making goods European firms source from abroad substantially more expensive, while high Asia-wide inflation is forcing up prices of goods from the region from t-shirts to TVs.

In China, inflation is over 7 percent, and while producer price data may show low single-digit increases, the impact is amplified by the fact that prices of Chinese goods were actually dropping until recently.

The story is the same across the region. Oil, food and commodity prices have tipped Indian inflation over 12 percent for the first time in 13 years. Indonesian inflation is at 12.2 percent, Philippine inflation at a 17-year high and in Thailand it has jumped to almost 10 percent.

As Asian suppliers push through price rises the whole world suffers but the fall in the euro over the last month is making life particularly hard for companies based in Europe.

That is because they usually pay big Asian suppliers in dollars and while until recently the euro's strength cocooned them from price rises, that protection is rapidly disappearing.

"The euro had risen very sharply against the dollar...this had a very substantial limiting effect on the impact of this Asian inflation pressure... but with the dollar now strengthening against the euro this now presents a greater risk," said Barclays Capital analyst Julian Callow.

"While we may have seen commodity prices moderate, paradoxically the impact of the weaker euro, if it were to continue, means we could be actually get more inflation pressure from Asian manufactured goods."

Evidence from European firms that Asian producers are upping prices is plentiful.

"In terms of suppliers... we have to accept increases due to inflationary pressure and wage pushes, which make products manufactured in Asia and elswhere in the world more expensive," German sportswear maker Puma's Chief Executive Jochen Zeitz said last week.

"All this has a certain impact on the cost structure of products. For 2009 we are now thinking about how to raise prices selectively."

And while the sharp drop in oil prices should cool inflation in the euro zone, higher pricetags on goods sourced from Asia would act as a prop.

"The euro area might get relief on the inflation front from weaker energy and food inflation but it might find core inflation is persistent and may ultimately push up higher partly because of this imported inflation on consumer goods," said Callow.

LONG FUSE

Other economists are more sceptical about the possible impact of Asian inflation on the euro-zone's harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), running at 4.0 percent in July.

"Given the current structure of the HICP basket, assuming the euro trade-weighted index stays at current levels, I would say the impact (on inflation) would be quite limited, I wouldn't go above 0.1-0.2 percentage points," said UniCredit analyst Aurelio Maccario.

"The story would be different if we see an outright plunge in the euro but that is not our baseline assumption."

The key factor could be if Asian suppliers absorb some of the impact of home-grown inflation on their margins as the rapid slowdown in the United States and much of Europe tempers demand.

"I think the impact of the manufactured goods price inflation from Asia may be being dampened at the moment by the weakness in the U.S. economy. The full implictions of this might not come through until we see a more buoyant global economy again," said Callow.

Others back up that idea. Last month Goldman Sachs nudged down their Asian 2008 and 2009 growth forecasts calculating that the slowdown was starting to grip.

But most economists agree that while inflation in Asia will soon peak, it will remain a slow burning problem as rising personal wealth buoys demand, central banks keep accomodative interest rates and governments slash food and fuel subsides.

"While we see inflation possibly peaking in some countries in Q3 2008, we do not foresee the consumer price inflation receding back to benign levels anytime soon," Deutsche Bank analysts wrote in a recent note.

"We expect inflation to remain at elevated levels over the medium term, despite the decline in oil prices. Anecdotal evidence suggests that within 5 years, western-style salaries may be required in developing Asia to attract talent."

(Additional reporting by Eva Kuehnen; Editing by Gerrard Raven)

Succes in Business...,

Michael S. Thang
www.gojukai-indonesia.com

Base Oil, Lubricant

2008-08-12T21:32:00.000-07:00

LUBRICANT BASE OIL

Lubricant oils are produced from Parafinic & Naphtenic Stock.

3 basic types of crude oil :
1. Parafinic
2. Iso-Parafinic Napthtenic
3. Aromatic, Asphaltic

Lubricant formulation guide :
1. Additives
2. Lube base oil 80-90 %

Lube base divided into 5 parts :
1. Group 1
VI ( Viscosity Index = the lower the VI, the larger a change in viscosity with
temp. changes ) = 80-120, component Lube base > 90 %, Sulfur <>

2. Group 2
VI = 80-120, component Lube base oil > 90 %, Sulfur <>

3. Group 3
VI > 120, component Lube base oil > 90 %, sulfur <>

4. Group 4
PAO ( Poly Alpha Olefin ), Lube base oil mostly used for car race.
PAO hasve had superior performance characterictic such as Viscosity Index
( VI ), Pour Point,
Volatility and Oxidation stability that it could not be achieved by convention
mineral oil. With modern base oil manufacturing, VI, Pour Point, Volatility &
Oxidation stability all can be independently controlled.

5. Group 5
Exlude Group I - IV.

Notes : Group I & II as conventional based oil.
Group III-V as synthetic based oil.
Dubase Oil as Group III stock is available, please contact me.

Succes for you all,

Michael S. Thang
www.gojukai-indonesia.com

GLYCERINE

2008-08-10T20:52:00.000-07:00
GLYCERINE

Glycerine is a commercial product whose principal components is glycerol.

Glycerine has over 1500 known and uses, including many applications as an ingredient or processing aid in :

1. Cosmetics
2. Toiletries
3. Personal Care
4. Drugs
5. Food Products
6. etc.

Notes : In addition, Glycerine is highly stable under typical storage conditions, compatible, with many other chemical materials, virtually non toxic and non irritating in its varied uses, and has no known negative environtmental effects.

A water clear, odourless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste, glycerine is derived from both natural and petrochemical feedstocks.

In its pure anhydrous, Glyerol has a specific gravity of 1.261 ( 20 0C/ 4 0C ), a melting point of 18.2 0C and boiling point of 290 0C accompanied by decomposition.

Market share Glycerine by applications :
1. Pharmaceutical, toothphase, and cosmetic : 28 %
2. Tobacco : 15 %
3. Foods : 13 %
4. Urethanes : 11 %
5. Others ( Lacquers, Varnishes, Inks, Adhesives, Synthetic Plastics, Cellophanes, Explosives,
etc )

For further information and sample, please feel free to contact.

Regards,

Michael S. Thang
622168068293, 628164850242,

SOLVENT : HEXASOL ( The Safe alternative to Glycol Ethers )

2008-08-10T20:10:00.000-07:00
HEXASOL ?

For many years, glycol ethers have been used as coupling agents or additives in aqueous formulations. But in the 80's and 90's, following toxicological studies, some of them have been classified CMR (Carcinogenic Mutagenic Reprotoxic) and banned in many industries.

Hexasol™ is a clear and water-white oxygenated solvent that demonstrates outstanding solvency: it is miscible in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as in polar substances such as water, alcohols and fatty acids.

This makes Hexasol™ a versatile coupling agent and a real safe alternative to the most harmful glycol ethers.

With its excellent toxicity and ecotoxicity profiles and properties similar to most glycol ethers one's, Hexasol™ is a powerful alternative to glycol ethers:

Appplications :

1. Household and Industrial cleaners

Hexasol™ has a very low surface tension: adding it in a cleaner is a way to improve its wetting

properties, to help the penetration of the soil and to keep it suspended in water until the

rinsing step. Moreover, Hexasol™ is an excellent coupling agent.

2. Cosmetics, Fragrances and Personal Care

Hexasol™'s high solvent power and coupling properties make it a very efficient additive to

stabilize cosmetic and toiletry formulations. Active products remain suspended and available

instead of settling.
Moreover, the shelf life and appearance of formulations containing Hexasol™ will be

improved.

3. Etc, http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/hexasol/index.aspx?id=cosmetics

Main Properties of Hexasol are :

> Low Surface Tension

> Low Viscosity

> Low Volatility

> Low Flammability

> High Solubility in water

> High Compatibility with polar and non polar solvents

> High Solvent Power

> Hexasol is not a VOC.

For further information and sample please feel free to contact.

Regards,

Michael S. Thang

628164850242, 622168068293

Chemicals, Solvent, Surfactants, Additives, chemical intermediate

2008-08-10T19:39:00.000-07:00
Hello..all participants,

Herewith would like to introduce myself, my name is Michael S. Thang as one who interested in chemical business and would like to informed you that this blog for you to update, improved and share about chemical news, product info, market trends, etc.

Chemical applications right now focus for business applicatons as follows ;

1. Coating & Ink

2. Binder/ Resin

2. Personal Care

3. Adhesives

4. Agriculture

5. Household ( Cleaner )

6. Lubricants

7. Pharmaceutical

8. Etc.

So many thanks to all of you who would like to joint, share and visit our web and will be appreciate if you can send me some inputs.

If you have any query please feel free to contact me.

Succes for You, Family, Love, Health and Prosperity,

Michael S. Thang

62816-4850242, 6221680-68293

chemical_info@yahoo.com